JAMB UTME - Geography - 2007

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Soil texture is determined primarily by the particle sizes of the soil. Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in the soil. These particle sizes affect the ability of the soil to retain water and nutrients, as well as its drainage properties. Sand particles are the largest and provide good drainage but have low water-holding capacity. Clay particles are the smallest and provide high water-holding capacity but poor drainage. Silt particles fall in between sand and clay particles in terms of size and characteristics. The combination of these particle sizes in the soil determines its texture, which is important for agriculture and other land uses. Therefore, while profile horizons, major components, and nutrient status are also important factors in soil characteristics, the particle sizes of the soil are the primary determinant of its texture.

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The speed and capacity of a train are influenced by the width of the railway gauge. The gauge is the distance between the two rails on which the train runs. The wider the gauge, the greater the stability of the train, which allows for higher speeds and larger capacity. A wider gauge also allows for larger and heavier trains to run on the tracks. Therefore, the gauge is an important factor in determining the speed and capacity of trains.

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The exploitation of timber in equatorial Africa can cause soil erosion. This is because trees play a vital role in preventing soil erosion. When trees are cut down, the soil is exposed to the elements, and heavy rain can wash away the soil, leading to erosion. Additionally, the removal of trees reduces the amount of organic matter in the soil, making it less fertile and harder for new vegetation to grow. As a result, timber exploitation can lead to long-term environmental degradation and reduce the overall health of the ecosystem.

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The soil type that is predominant in the Niger-Benue trough is alluvial soil. This is because the Niger-Benue trough is a region of sedimentary deposition, where the rivers Niger and Benue deposit alluvial sediments as they flow downstream. Alluvial soil is rich in nutrients, making it suitable for farming. It is formed by the deposition of silt, sand, and clay particles carried by water and is characterized by its fertility and high moisture retention capacity.

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Birth and death rates are often stated as the number of cases per 1,000 per year. This means that the number of births or deaths in a population is divided by the total population and then multiplied by 1,000 to get the rate per 1,000 people. For example, if there are 10 births in a population of 1,000 people in a year, the birth rate would be 10/1,000 x 1,000 = 10 per 1,000 per year. This makes it easier to compare birth and death rates across different populations with varying sizes.

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A major characteristic of an urban settlement is that it is heterogeneous. This means that urban settlements are made up of a diverse range of people with different backgrounds, cultures, and beliefs. The population in urban areas is usually large and consists of people from different socio-economic classes and ethnic groups. The diversity of the population in urban areas is often reflected in the variety of goods and services offered, as well as the different types of employment opportunities available. Therefore, urban settlements are often seen as melting pots of different cultures and ideas.

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Kondo is situated mainly on a pass because a road runs over the depression known as gap or saddle or col.

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Soil conservation is the practice of protecting and preserving soil from degradation or loss. It involves preventing soil erosion, improving soil fertility, and preserving soil structure. Soil conservation can be achieved through various methods, including sensible tillage, crop rotation, and mulching. Sensible tillage involves tilling the soil in a way that minimizes soil erosion and compaction. Crop rotation involves rotating crops on a piece of land to improve soil fertility and reduce the risk of soil-borne diseases. Mulching involves covering the soil with organic matter, such as leaves, straw or compost, to reduce water evaporation and soil erosion, and to improve soil fertility. These methods help to maintain the quality and productivity of the soil, thereby preserving it for future generations.

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A piece of evidence that confirms that the earth is spherical is the moon's eclipse. When the Earth comes between the sun and the moon, it casts a shadow on the moon, which appears as a curved shape. This curved shadow is evidence that the Earth is spherical in shape. If the Earth were flat, the shadow would be a straight line. This phenomenon is visible from anywhere on Earth and has been observed by humans for thousands of years. In addition to the lunar eclipse, other evidence that confirms the spherical shape of the Earth includes the fact that ships disappear over the horizon as they sail away and the changing positions of stars in the sky at different latitudes.

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The weather element that is controlled mainly by latitude is temperature. Latitude is the angular distance of a location from the equator, and it affects the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. The higher the latitude, the lower the angle at which the sun's rays hit the Earth's surface, resulting in lower temperatures. Therefore, temperature is directly related to latitude, with locations closer to the equator generally having higher temperatures than those farther away from it.

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The major gold mining center in South Africa is Klerkdorp. This city is located in the North West province of South Africa and is home to several large gold mines, including the Klerkdorp Gold Mine, which is one of the deepest mines in the world. The city has a long history of gold mining and played a significant role in the development of the gold mining industry in South Africa.

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The rock type whose principal constituents can be seen without magnification is granite. Granite is a common type of intrusive igneous rock that is composed of visible minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica. When viewed with the naked eye, the individual minerals in granite can be easily distinguished from one another, and their colors and shapes can be observed. This is because granite typically has a coarse-grained texture, which means that its mineral grains are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. In contrast, rocks such as limestone, basalt, and sandstone often have a finer-grained texture, which means that their mineral grains are too small to be seen without magnification. Therefore, granite is the rock type that is most easily recognizable without the need for magnification.

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A fog is most likely to develop when a warm, moist wind blows over a cold current. This process is called advection fog. The warm, moist air cools as it moves over the cold water, causing the water vapor to condense and form fog. Advection fog is common in coastal areas where warm, moist air from the ocean meets a cold ocean current, creating the ideal conditions for fog formation. In contrast, a warm, moist wind blowing over a warm current would not typically lead to fog formation because the air is not being cooled enough to cause condensation. Similarly, a cold, dry wind blowing over a warm current or a warm, dry wind blowing over a cold current are not ideal conditions for fog formation because there is not enough moisture in the air for condensation to occur.

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The area likely to experience seasonal flooding lies below a 105-metre contour. The contour refers to an imaginary line on a map that connects all points of the same elevation. In this case, the contour is measured in meters above sea level. Areas that are located below the 105-metre contour are usually closer to sea level, which makes them more susceptible to flooding. During periods of heavy rainfall or high tides, water can easily overflow from nearby rivers, lakes, or oceans and inundate low-lying areas. In contrast, areas that are located above the 120-metre contour are generally at a higher elevation and are less likely to experience flooding. Therefore, the area likely to experience seasonal flooding lies below a 105-metre contour.

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Carbon (IV) oxide is of great importance to the existence of plants. Plants, like all living organisms, require certain elements to survive and grow. One of the most important elements for plants is carbon, which they obtain from carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen. This process not only allows plants to produce their own food, but it also releases oxygen into the atmosphere, which is necessary for the survival of animals and humans. Industrial effluent and metal scraps are pollutants that can harm plants and other living organisms, and they are not necessary for the existence of plants. Carbon (II) oxide does not exist in nature; the correct term is carbon monoxide, which is a toxic gas that can be lethal to plants and animals at high concentrations.

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The ocean current that affects the climate of the Atlantic coast from South Africa to Southern Angola is the Benguela current. The Benguela current is a cold ocean current that flows northwards along the west coast of southern Africa. It is an important current for the fishing industry and has a significant impact on the climate of the surrounding regions, keeping them relatively cool and dry.

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Chemical weathering in tropical Africa creates domed rock outcroppings called inselbergs. Inselbergs are characterized by steep sides and rounded or flat tops, and they are formed from more resistant rock formations that have been exposed to weathering and erosion over time.

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When contours are equally spaced, the slope is said to be even. This means that the difference in elevation between each contour line is the same. For example, if contour lines on a map are drawn at 10-meter intervals, an even slope means that the elevation difference between each contour line is 10 meters. An even slope can be a gentle slope or a steep slope, but what makes it even is the uniform spacing between contour lines.

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The slope is a combination of gentle and steep slopes.

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A doline is associated with a Karst valley. A doline is a funnel-shaped depression in a Karst landscape that is formed as a result of the dissolution of limestone or other soluble rocks. When groundwater dissolves the rock, it creates underground caverns that can eventually collapse and form a doline on the surface. Therefore, dolines are typically found in Karst landscapes, which are characterized by the dissolution of soluble rocks and the formation of distinctive surface and subsurface features such as sinkholes, caves, and underground rivers.

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An oasis is a fertile spot in a desert where water is found, usually from underground springs. Date palm is the most common tree found in the Sahara desert's oasis. Therefore, the correct answer is "Date palm."

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A country that is connected to Nigeria's electricity grid is Niger Republic. Nigeria has electricity transmission lines that connect it to some neighboring countries, including Niger Republic. The connection allows for the export and import of electricity between the countries. The other options, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Mauritania, are not directly connected to Nigeria's electricity grid.

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Ocean currents are primarily caused by two factors: differential salinity and temperature variation. The difference in salinity and temperature between two areas of water creates a difference in density, which then drives the movement of water. Warm water is less dense than cold water, and water with a higher salt concentration is denser than water with a lower salt concentration. These differences in density drive the movement of water from one area to another, creating ocean currents.

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The greatest volcanic regions of Africa are found in Kenya and Tanzania. The region is known as the East African Rift Valley and is home to some of the world's most famous and active volcanoes, including Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, and Ol Doinyo Lengai. The region is characterized by volcanic cones, craters, and calderas, which are evidence of past and ongoing volcanic activity. The Rift Valley is also home to a number of hot springs and geysers, which are popular tourist attractions. The volcanic activity in the region has created a unique and diverse landscape, which is home to a wide variety of plants and animals.

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The correct answer is: Lagos, Lokoja, and Baga. These three settlements are located close to water bodies. Lagos is a major city situated on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Lokoja is located at the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers, while Baga is a town on the shores of Lake Chad. The presence of water bodies in these areas has influenced settlement patterns, economic activities, and the livelihoods of the people living there. For example, Lagos has a thriving port and fishing industry, Lokoja is a major transportation hub, and Baga relies on fishing and agriculture. The other options do not have settlements located close to significant water bodies.

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Badeggi is one of the areas noted for paddy rice production in Nigeria. The town is located in Niger State and is known for its large-scale rice cultivation due to its suitable ecological conditions, including fertile soil, access to water sources, and favorable weather conditions. The cultivation of paddy rice in Badeggi is a major source of livelihood for the people in the area, and the rice produced is also an important food crop in the country.

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The country that has a high population density supported by irrigation is Egypt. Egypt is located in the northeastern part of Africa and is mostly covered by desert. However, the Nile River flows through the country, making it possible to irrigate land and grow crops. The population density in Egypt is high, especially in the Nile River valley and delta, where the fertile land is concentrated. The country has invested heavily in irrigation infrastructure, including dams, canals, and other irrigation systems, to support agriculture and food production.

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Lowland plains may lead to an area being densely populated. This is because lowland plains are usually flat and have fertile soils, which make them ideal for agriculture. As a result, people are attracted to these areas for farming and other economic activities, such as trading and manufacturing. In addition, lowland plains often have access to water sources such as rivers and lakes, which also support agriculture and other economic activities. These factors, combined with the ease of transportation and communication due to the flat terrain, make lowland plains attractive for settlement and development. Therefore, while high plateaux, rugged mountains, and active volcanoes may also have their own unique attractions and opportunities, lowland plains are more likely to be densely populated due to their suitability for agriculture and other economic activities.

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The Sudan savannah vegetation is associated with the tropical dry and wet climate. This climate has alternating wet and dry seasons, and is characterized by high temperatures and moderate to high rainfall. The Sudan savannah vegetation is a type of grassland that is found in this region and is characterized by tall grasses and scattered trees. The vegetation is adapted to the climate, with deep roots to access water during the dry season and the ability to quickly grow and reproduce during the wet season.

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