JAMB UTME - Geography - 2019

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The Harbel Plantation in Liberia is noted for large-scale production of rubber. Rubber is a material made from the sap of rubber trees, which is collected, processed, and turned into various products such as tires, gloves, and rubber bands. The Harbel Plantation is significant because it was one of the first large-scale rubber plantations in Liberia, established in the early 20th century by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. The plantation continues to produce rubber to this day and has played an important role in the development of the country's rubber industry.

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The igneous rock with distinct grains of mica, feldspar, and quartz is granite. Granite is a type of igneous rock that is formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. It is composed of several minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and mica. These minerals give granite its characteristic speckled appearance and make it a popular choice for building and decorative purposes. Mica is a shiny mineral that appears in thin, flat sheets and gives granite its distinctive glittery look. Feldspar is a group of minerals that are very common in igneous rocks and make up the majority of granite's composition. Quartz is a hard, mineral that is often found in igneous rocks and contributes to granite's durability. In summary, if you find an igneous rock with distinct grains of mica, feldspar, and quartz, it is most likely granite.

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The region with the least population density is the Eurasian Tundra. The tundra is a cold, barren landscape located in the northern hemisphere, spanning across parts of Alaska, Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia. This region is characterized by extremely harsh weather conditions, including long, cold winters and brief, cool summers. The soil is also poor in nutrients and unable to support much plant life, making it difficult for people and animals to survive. As a result, the population density in this region is very low and only a small number of people live there.

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The likely policy to encourage massive importation of goods into a country is the relaxation of currency control. Currency control refers to the regulations and restrictions placed on the use of a country's currency by its government. Relaxation of currency control means that the government is loosening its restrictions on the use of the country's currency, making it easier for people and businesses to buy goods from other countries. When currency controls are relaxed, it becomes easier for people and businesses to exchange their local currency for foreign currency to pay for imports. This can lead to an increase in the importation of goods into the country.

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The Udi hills can be considered as a good example of a cuesta landscape in Nigeria. A cuesta is a type of landform that is formed from the erosion of layered rocks. It is characterized by a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other side. The Udi hills have this characteristic and are composed of sandstone and shale, which have been tilted and eroded over time, forming the cuesta landscape. This area is also known for its scenic beauty and rich cultural heritage, making it an interesting place to visit.

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A common feature of Forcados, Bonny, and Eket in the Niger Delta is that they are all terminals for oil companies. These three locations are major hubs for the extraction, transportation, and export of crude oil in the region. Forcados, Bonny, and Eket are all situated along the coast of the Niger Delta, which is home to vast reserves of crude oil. Oil companies have established facilities at these locations to extract crude oil from the ground, transport it via pipelines or tankers, and export it to other parts of the world. The oil industry is a crucial part of the economy of the Niger Delta, and Forcados, Bonny, and Eket are all key players in this industry. While fishing is an important activity in the Niger Delta, these locations are not primarily known for their fishing ports. Similarly, while natural gas exports are an important part of the region's economy, Forcados, Bonny, and Eket are not the only locations where this takes place. Finally, while export processing zones do exist in the Niger Delta, this is not a defining characteristic of these three locations.

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Urban and rural settlements are differentiated by their function and location. Urban settlements are typically characterized by a high population density and a high level of economic and social activity. They are usually located in or near large cities and serve as centers of commerce, industry, and culture. Urban areas often have a diverse range of amenities and services, including shops, restaurants, entertainment venues, and public transportation. Rural settlements, on the other hand, are typically characterized by a lower population density and a lower level of economic and social activity. They are often located in more remote or isolated areas and serve primarily as centers of agricultural activity. Rural areas may have fewer amenities and services than urban areas, but they often offer a quieter and more natural way of life. In summary, the main differences between urban and rural settlements lie in their function and location. Urban areas are characterized by high population density and a diverse range of economic and social activity, while rural areas are characterized by lower population density and a focus on agricultural activity.

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Temperature is the weather element that is controlled mainly by latitude. Latitude is a measurement of how far a place is from the equator, with the equator being at 0° latitude and the poles at 90° latitude. The closer a place is to the equator, the more direct sunlight it receives, and the warmer it tends to be. The further away from the equator a place is, the less direct sunlight it receives and the cooler it tends to be. This is why the tropics are warm and the poles are cold. So, in simple terms, latitude mainly affects temperature because it determines the amount of direct sunlight a place receives, which in turn affects its overall temperature.

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The best technique to prevent soil erosion in a humid, gently sloping area is contour ridging. Contour ridging involves creating ridges that run along the contour lines of the slope, which helps to slow down the flow of water across the surface of the soil. This technique helps to trap water, reduce its speed, and allow it to penetrate into the soil. By reducing the speed of water, contour ridging also helps to reduce the amount of soil that is carried away by the water, which reduces erosion. Terrace cultivation and intercropping can also be effective techniques for reducing erosion, but they are generally better suited to steeper slopes. Wind breakers can help to reduce erosion caused by wind, but they are not as effective for preventing erosion caused by water. In summary, contour ridging is the best technique for preventing soil erosion in a humid, gently sloping area because it helps to slow down the flow of water and reduce erosion, and it is well-suited to this type of terrain.

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Kano is a major population center in Nigeria because of its early religious and economic significance. Kano has been a center of trade and commerce for centuries, and its location along the trans-Saharan trade routes made it an important stop for merchants and traders. Additionally, Kano has a rich history of Islam, with the city serving as a center of Islamic learning and culture. These factors, combined with its large population of Hausa-speaking indigenes, have helped make Kano one of the largest and most populous cities in Nigeria.

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A cirque is an example of a landform produced by glaciation. A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression on a mountainside with steep walls formed by glacial erosion. As a glacier moves down a mountain, it erodes the bedrock through a combination of abrasion and plucking. Abrasion occurs when the glacier grinds against the bedrock and wears it away, while plucking occurs when the glacier freezes onto the bedrock and pulls it away as the glacier moves downhill. Over time, this erosion can form a deep, steep-sided hollow or cirque on the mountainside. Cirques are often the starting point for the formation of other glacial landforms, such as u-shaped valleys and horn peaks. As a glacier continues to erode the mountainside, it can deepen and widen the cirque, creating a u-shaped valley. If multiple glaciers erode back-to-back cirques on a single mountain, it can leave behind a horn peak or a jagged, triangular peak at the mountain summit. Overall, cirques are a classic example of a landform produced by the slow, powerful forces of glaciation.

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The most suitable statistical diagram to show spatial distribution of production is a dot map. A dot map is a type of map that uses dots to represent the quantity or density of a particular feature across a geographic area. In the case of production data, each dot can represent a certain amount of production, and the density of the dots can show areas with high or low production levels. This allows for a clear visual representation of where production is concentrated and where it is less prominent. Pie charts, divided circles, and line graphs are not suitable for showing spatial distribution of production. A pie chart is used to show proportions of a whole, while a divided circle is similar to a pie chart but is divided into more than one category. These charts are best suited for displaying data where the whole is made up of distinct categories, rather than for geographic data. A line graph, on the other hand, is used to show trends over time, and is not well-suited for displaying spatial data.

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Warm ocean currents flow from the equator to the poles. These currents carry warm water from the equator, where the water is heated by the sun, to areas closer to the poles, where the water releases heat to the atmosphere and cools down. This movement of warm water helps regulate the Earth's climate by transferring heat from the equator to other parts of the planet.

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The Sudd region has been highly valued for its biodiversity. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. The Sudd is a vast wetland in South Sudan that covers approximately 30,000 square kilometers and is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. The wetland provides habitat for many endangered and endemic species, including birds, fish, and large mammals like the African elephant. In addition to supporting a rich array of wildlife, the Sudd is also an important source of water and food for local communities who rely on its resources for their livelihoods. Therefore, protecting the biodiversity of the Sudd is crucial for both ecological and human well-being.

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The highest category of rural settlement is a village. A village is a small, rural community that typically consists of a group of houses and other buildings, surrounded by farmland. People in a village often have close-knit relationships and rely on each other for support. Villages often have a central area where people gather for social events and activities, such as a village green or town square. Villages may also have basic amenities such as a school, a post office, and a general store. In comparison, a homestead refers to a house and the surrounding land that is used for farming or other agricultural purposes. A hut is a small, simple dwelling, often made of natural materials like mud or thatch. A hamlet is a small settlement, similar to a village, but with a smaller population and fewer amenities.

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The survival of an organism in a natural ecosystem depends largely on its adaptation to prevailing conditions. This means that the organism must be able to adapt to the environment in which it lives, in order to be able to survive and reproduce. This includes factors such as the availability of food and water, the presence of predators, the climate, and other environmental factors. When an organism is able to adapt to its environment, it is better able to compete with other organisms and increase its chances of survival.

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The standard time of a country is determined by the longitude of its location on the Earth. A time zone is a region that has the same standard time, and time zones are typically defined as an offset from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In this case, the country has a standard time of GMT + 1 hour, which means it is one hour ahead of the UTC. The longitude that corresponds to this time zone is the one located 15° east of the Prime Meridian, which runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, England. So, the local time adopted by the country is 15°E.

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The pair of countries where conurbation is most highly developed is USA and England. Conurbation refers to the merging of two or more previously separate cities into a single continuous urban area. This process is most highly developed in the USA and England due to their history of urbanization and industrialization. The cities of London and New York are two of the largest conurbations in the world and serve as centers of finance, commerce, and culture. These cities have grown and expanded over time to include many surrounding suburbs, creating a vast, interconnected metropolitan area.

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The world's leading producer of cocoa is Ghana. Cocoa is a key ingredient used in the production of chocolate and many other sweet treats. Ghana is one of the largest exporters of cocoa in the world, with over 20% of global cocoa production coming from Ghanaian farms. Cocoa is grown in several regions of the country, with the Ashanti region being the largest cocoa-producing region in Ghana. The favorable climate and soil conditions in Ghana make it an ideal location for growing cocoa, which is why it has become such an important industry in the country. Cocoa production plays a significant role in the Ghanaian economy, providing jobs and income for many people.

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The pair of cities that have both a seaport and an international airport are Lagos and San Francisco. Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria, located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, and it is home to the Lagos Port Complex, which is one of the largest and busiest ports in Africa. Lagos is also served by the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, which is the main airport in Nigeria and serves as a hub for many airlines. San Francisco is a city in California, United States, located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The city is served by the Port of San Francisco, which is the fourth largest port in California and handles a variety of cargo, including containers, automobiles, and dry bulk. San Francisco is also served by the San Francisco International Airport, which is one of the busiest airports in the United States and a major gateway to Asia and the Pacific. Kampala and Mombasa, Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg, and New York and Warri do not have both a seaport and an international airport. Kampala is the capital city of Uganda, located inland and does not have a seaport. Mombasa is a port city in Kenya located on the coast, but its airport, Moi International Airport, serves only domestic and regional flights. Rio de Janeiro is a coastal city in Brazil, known for its beautiful beaches and famous landmarks. The city has a seaport, the Port of Rio de Janeiro, which is one of the busiest ports in Brazil, but its airport, the Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport, serves mainly domestic and regional flights. Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and a major economic hub on the African continent, but it is not located on the coast and does not have a seaport. The city is served by the O.R. Tambo International Airport, which is the busiest airport in Africa and a major hub for international flights. New York is a major city on the East Coast of the United States, located on the Atlantic Ocean, and is home to the Port of New York and New Jersey, one of the largest ports in the world. However, its main airport, the John F. Kennedy International Airport, is an international airport that serves numerous destinations worldwide, but it does not have a seaport nearby. Warri is a city in Nigeria, located in the Niger Delta region, and is home to the Warri Port, which is one of the major ports in Nigeria. However, its airport, the Osubi Airstrip, is a small airport that serves only domestic flights.

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The main catalyst in the economic development of Japan was a combination of factors, including a large pool of skilled manpower, favorable geographic location with extensive coastlines conductive to shipping, and abundant mineral deposits that allowed for the growth of various industries. Additionally, the government played a crucial role in promoting economic growth through policies that encouraged investment and trade. The combination of these factors allowed Japan to rapidly develop into one of the largest and most technologically advanced economies in the world.

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Lake Kivu and Lake Malawi are related in that they are both rift valley lakes. Rift valley lakes are formed when tectonic plates move apart, creating a depression that fills with water. Lake Kivu is located in the Albertine Rift, which is part of the East African Rift System, while Lake Malawi is located in the East African Rift. Despite their similarities, the two lakes are located in different parts of the African continent - Lake Kivu is located in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, while Lake Malawi is located in Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique.

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The Obudu Plateau in the Cross River Basin is economically noted for several activities, including cattle ranching, tourism, tea and coffee plantations, and exploitation of forest resources. However, one of the most notable economic activities in the Obudu Plateau is cattle ranching. The plateau's cool and suitable climate makes it an ideal location for cattle farming and the rearing of other livestock. Tourism is also another important economic activity in the Obudu Plateau. The plateau is known for its beautiful landscapes, waterfalls, and other natural attractions that draw tourists from all over the world. In addition to these, the Obudu Plateau also has tea and coffee plantations, which are grown and processed for local and international consumption. The exploitation of forest resources is also an important economic activity, as the plateau is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Finally, the generation of hydroelectricity is also a notable economic activity in the Obudu Plateau, as the high altitude and abundant water resources provide ample opportunities for the generation of hydroelectric power.

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The rocks of the basement complex are generally referred to as older granite. The basement complex is a layer of rock that forms the foundation or base of the Earth's crust. It consists of a variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks that have been deeply buried and intensely deformed over time. The older granite that makes up the basement complex is a type of igneous rock that was formed by the solidification of molten magma deep beneath the Earth's surface. It is typically composed of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica, and is known for its coarse-grained texture and distinctive speckled appearance. The older granite of the basement complex is important because it serves as a stable platform for the overlying sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks. It also plays a significant role in controlling the location and distribution of mineral deposits, as many valuable ores are associated with the older granite. Overall, the older granite of the basement complex is a fundamental component of the Earth's crust and has significant geological and economic importance.

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The development of climax vegetation in the savannah belt of Nigeria is mainly disturbed by bush burning. This is because frequent burning of the grassland destroys the vegetation cover, which can prevent the establishment of trees and other woody plants that are characteristic of climax vegetation. Bush burning also leads to a reduction in soil nutrients, making it difficult for plants to grow. Although activities such as lumbering, mining, and animal grazing can also contribute to the disturbance of climax vegetation, they are not the main cause. Lumbering and mining, for example, involve the removal of trees and vegetation, but these activities are typically limited in scale and do not occur as frequently as bush burning. Animal grazing can also have an impact on vegetation, but it is usually managed in a way that allows for the recovery of the grassland. Therefore, it is the frequent and uncontrolled practice of bush burning that is the primary cause of disturbance to the development of climax vegetation in the savannah belt of Nigeria.

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Zambia is a country in Africa that is well-known for its production of copper. Copper is a metal that is widely used in many industries, and Zambia is one of the largest producers of this metal in Africa. In Zambia, copper is extracted from the ground and then processed into different forms, such as wire, pipes, and other products. The mining industry is a major contributor to the economy of Zambia, and the country's copper mines help to provide jobs and support the local economy.

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Soil texture is primarily determined by the particle sizes of the mineral components in the soil. These mineral particles can range in size from large rocks to tiny clay particles. The three main particle size classes that determine soil texture are sand, silt, and clay. Sand particles are the largest, ranging in size from 0.05 to 2.0 millimeters. Silt particles are smaller, ranging from 0.002 to 0.05 millimeters. Clay particles are the smallest, less than 0.002 millimeters in size. The proportion of these particle sizes in the soil determines its texture. Soil texture is an important factor that affects many soil properties, including water-holding capacity, drainage, nutrient availability, and the ability of roots to grow. Soil texture is also used as a basis for soil classification, with different textures having different names, such as sandy loam, clay loam, and silty clay.

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In surveying, the prismatic compass is primarily used to obtain bearings of features. It is a type of compass that has a prism attached to it, which allows the user to simultaneously see the compass needle and the object being sighted through the prism. By aligning the compass with the object and reading the bearing, the prismatic compass can determine the direction or angle of the object relative to magnetic north. This information is crucial for creating accurate maps and plans, as well as for navigating and orienting oneself in the field. While a prismatic compass may be capable of measuring other factors, such as horizontal distances or inclinations, its primary function is to obtain bearings of features.

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Lowland plains may lead to an area being densely populated because they provide fertile land for agriculture, easy transportation and communication routes, and access to water sources. Lowland plains are typically flat, which makes it easier to build roads, buildings, and other infrastructure, and also makes it more conducive for farming. In addition, lowland areas tend to have more moderate climates and are less prone to natural disasters, such as floods or landslides, which can make them more attractive to settlers. Overall, the combination of fertile land, ease of transportation and communication, access to water sources, and favorable climate can all contribute to high population density in lowland areas.

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In surveying, it is best dealt with by laying offsets. This means that instead of measuring the exact distance or angle to an object that may obstruct the line of sight, the surveyor will measure to a point slightly to the side of the obstruction and then use that measurement to calculate the true distance or angle. This allows the surveyor to gather accurate information without having to physically remove the obstruction or avoid it altogether. By laying offsets, the surveyor can ensure that the survey results are accurate and reliable.