JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

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WAN stands for Wide Area Network. A network is a collection of devices (like computers, printers, and servers) that are connected together to communicate and share resources. A WAN is a type of network that covers a large geographic area, such as a city, a country, or even the whole world. Unlike a Local Area Network (LAN), which is limited to a small area like a home or office building, a WAN connects devices over a larger distance using a variety of technologies such as telephone lines, fiber optic cables, and satellite links. WANs are used by organizations to connect their different offices and branches in different locations, and to provide access to the internet or cloud-based services. For example, a company with offices in New York and London might use a WAN to connect the two locations and allow employees to share data and resources.

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Large retailers use data mining to study trends. Data mining is the process of analyzing large amounts of data and identifying patterns and trends in that data to make informed decisions. This can involve looking at customer behavior, sales data, market trends, and other types of data to gain insights into what products are popular, what customers are looking for, and how the market is changing. The goal of data mining is to help retailers make informed decisions about their business and stay ahead of the competition.

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Microsoft Excel is primarily used to solve problems involving numbers. It is a spreadsheet program that allows you to organize, analyze and perform calculations on data. You can use Excel to create tables, charts and graphs to visually represent your data and make it easier to understand. It is commonly used for tasks such as budgeting, tracking expenses, and managing project timelines. The program also has many built-in functions that can help you perform complex calculations and analysis with ease. So, the main purpose of Microsoft Excel is to help you work with numbers and make sense of data.

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The binary system has a radix of 2. The radix of a number system is the number of unique digits used in that system. For example, in the decimal system (base 10), the radix is 10, because we use 10 unique digits (0 to 9) to represent numbers. In the binary system (base 2), the radix is 2, because we only use 2 unique digits: 0 and 1. This means that every number can be represented as a combination of only 0s and 1s in the binary system.

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Computer applications are an example of software. Software refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are specific types of software that are designed to perform particular tasks or solve particular problems. Examples of computer applications include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games. Computer applications are different from computer hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. Computer utilities and program packages are different types of software that can be used to manage and maintain a computer system, but they are not the same as computer applications, which are designed for specific tasks and are often used by end-users. In summary, computer applications are a type of software, which refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are designed to perform specific tasks or solve specific problems, and examples include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games.

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The stage of system development cycle that is not commonly considered is "Observation". The typical stages of the system development cycle are planning, analysis, design, implementation, and testing. During the planning stage, the requirements and objectives of the system are identified. In the analysis stage, the requirements are studied in detail, and the feasibility of the system is determined. The design stage involves creating a blueprint for the system, including its architecture, interfaces, and data structures. During implementation, the system is built and the design is turned into a working system. Testing involves checking the system's performance and identifying any errors or bugs that need to be fixed. Observation is not usually considered a distinct stage in the system development cycle, but it can be seen as a part of testing or implementation. Observation involves monitoring the system after it has been implemented to ensure that it is working as intended and to identify any issues that need to be addressed.

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The name of a user account can be changed from the Control Panel in most operating systems, including Windows and macOS. In Windows, you can access the Control Panel by clicking on the Start menu and selecting "Control Panel" from the list of options. Once in the Control Panel, you can navigate to the "User Accounts" section and select the user account whose name you want to change. From there, you can click on the "Change your account name" option and enter the new name for the account. Similarly, in macOS, you can access the System Preferences by clicking on the Apple menu and selecting "System Preferences" from the list of options. Once in the System Preferences, you can navigate to the "Users & Groups" section and select the user account whose name you want to change. From there, you can click on the "Full Name" field and enter the new name for the account. In summary, the name of a user account can be changed from the Control Panel or System Preferences of your operating system. The exact steps to do so may vary slightly depending on the operating system, but in general, you can navigate to the "User Accounts" or "Users & Groups" section and select the account whose name you want to change.

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Computer softwares like iOS, Ubuntu, Chrome OS are classified as operating systems, also known as system software. An operating system is a type of software that acts as the backbone of a computer, managing its resources and allowing other software to run on it. It controls the hardware, such as the CPU, memory, and storage, and provides a platform for other software to run on. This includes basic functions like managing files, running applications, and providing access to the internet. In short, the operating system is what makes a computer work and provides a foundation for other software to run on.

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Another word for booting is "starting". Booting refers to the process of turning on a computer or device and initiating the operating system so that it is ready to run applications and perform other tasks. During the boot process, the computer performs a series of operations, such as checking hardware components, initializing software, and loading system files into memory. Once this process is complete, the computer is considered "started" and the user can begin using it. Therefore, starting is an appropriate alternative term for booting.

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A computer can be used for entertainment, information, and social media, so the answer is "none of the above". Computers are versatile machines that can perform a wide variety of tasks, including playing games, streaming videos, accessing news and other information, and connecting with others on social media platforms. While some computers may be designed or optimized for certain types of tasks, such as gaming or video editing, all computers are capable of handling entertainment, information, and social media to some extent. Therefore, the answer to this question is that there is no option that describes something a computer cannot be used for among the given choices.

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The key that deletes text is the backspace key. When you type, the characters you enter are added to the right of the cursor, which shows you where the next character will be inserted. If you want to delete a character, you can move the cursor to the left of that character using the arrow keys, and then press the backspace key. This will remove the character to the left of the cursor. You can also use the backspace key to delete a selection of text. To do this, you first need to highlight the text you want to delete by clicking and dragging the cursor over it. Once the text is highlighted, you can press the backspace key to delete it. In summary, the backspace key is used to delete characters to the left of the cursor or to delete a selected portion of text.

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The full form of UDP is User Datagram Protocol. It is a communication protocol used for sending and receiving data over the internet. UDP is a lightweight, connectionless protocol that operates at the Transport layer of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. Unlike TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which guarantees delivery of data, UDP does not provide any guarantees regarding delivery or sequencing of packets. Instead, UDP is often used for applications that require faster data transfer, such as video streaming or online gaming, where small amounts of lost data are acceptable. The "User Datagram" part of the name refers to the fact that UDP sends data in the form of datagrams, which are discrete chunks of data that are sent as individual packets. The "Protocol" part of the name indicates that UDP is a set of rules and procedures that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network. In summary, UDP is a fast and lightweight protocol used for sending data over the internet. Its name reflects the fact that it operates using datagrams and is a protocol for communication.

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When a computer application is running, it is stored in the computer's memory, which allows it to continue functioning as long as it is needed. In the case of logging off, shutting down, or rebooting the computer, all applications currently running on the system are closed or terminated. Therefore, the running application would not remain active in any of these situations. However, in the case of a user switching, the running application can remain active. This is because when a user switches on a computer that is running, the operating system creates a new user session while keeping the current user's session active. In this scenario, the running application would continue to function within the current user's session, while the new user session would be independent and have its own set of applications and processes. Therefore, the running application would remain active when the user is switched.

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Working online requires proper etiquette or "netiquette" to maintain a positive and professional atmosphere. Here are some general guidelines to follow: 1. Be respectful: Always communicate in a respectful manner. Avoid using harsh or offensive language, and be mindful of cultural differences. 2. Be mindful of your tone: It's important to communicate in a tone that's appropriate for the situation. If you're sending an email or message, make sure the tone is professional. 3. Be punctual: Time management is key. Be punctual when it comes to meetings and deadlines. 4. Be organized: Keep your digital files organized and ensure that you're using appropriate naming conventions. This will make it easier for others to find what they need. 5. Be secure: Protect your digital assets by using strong passwords and secure file sharing methods. 6. Respect privacy: Be mindful of other people's privacy, including their personal information and confidential data. 7. Be mindful of online piracy: Do not engage in any form of online piracy, including sharing copyrighted materials without permission. Remember, the online world is just as important as the physical one. Maintaining proper netiquette can help you build a positive and professional reputation, and make you more successful in your online endeavors.

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When an input signal of 1 is applied to a NOT gate, the output will be 0. A NOT gate, also known as an inverter, is a digital logic gate that has one input and one output. The output of a NOT gate is the opposite of the input; if the input is high (1), the output will be low (0), and if the input is low (0), the output will be high (1). In other words, the NOT gate "inverts" the input signal. So, when a 1 is input to a NOT gate, the gate will invert it to 0 and produce that as the output signal. Similarly, when a 0 is input to a NOT gate, the gate will invert it to 1 and output that as the result.

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The explorer bar is divided into several categories. The exact number of categories can vary depending on the software and version you are using. The categories typically include items such as "File & Folders", "Search", "History", and "Favorites". The explorer bar provides a user-friendly interface for navigating and accessing different areas of your computer or device, and the categories help to organize and categorize the different types of information and resources that are available. The explorer bar is a common feature in many operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, and is used for accessing and managing files, folders, and other resources on your computer.

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An inventory management program can assist with all of the above: distribution, purchasing, and planning. Inventory management involves keeping track of a company's stock of goods and materials, and making sure that there are enough items on hand to meet customer demand without having too much excess inventory that ties up capital. A good inventory management program can help with distribution by providing real-time updates on inventory levels and locations, allowing companies to quickly and accurately fulfill customer orders. It can also assist with purchasing by tracking inventory levels and alerting staff when it's time to reorder supplies, helping to ensure that stock is always available when needed. Additionally, an inventory management program can assist with planning by providing data and analytics on sales trends, inventory turnover, and other key performance indicators. This information can help companies make informed decisions about which products to stock, when to order supplies, and how much inventory to keep on hand. Overall, a well-designed inventory management program can help companies save time, reduce waste, and improve efficiency.

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A half byte is known as a nibble. A byte is a unit of digital information in computing, typically consisting of 8 bits. A nibble, on the other hand, is half of a byte, consisting of 4 bits. This unit is often used in computer architecture and data representation, especially when referring to memory addresses or data manipulation.

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The computer type that is not based on the operation is "Remote." This is because "remote" does not refer to how a computer operates, but rather where it is located or how it is accessed. A remote computer is one that is accessed through a network connection, such as the internet, rather than being physically present with the user. On the other hand, "analog" and "digital" are types of computers based on their method of operation. Analog computers operate by processing continuous physical variables such as voltage, while digital computers operate by processing discrete data in the form of binary digits (bits). Finally, "hybrid" computers are a combination of both analog and digital computers, where they use both continuous and discrete data to perform calculations.

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Information is the combination of already processed data. Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures. For example, a list of numbers or a set of survey answers are data. Information is created when data is processed, organized, and given meaning. For example, taking the average of the numbers in the list would turn the data into meaningful information.

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"Cold" booting is done by turning on the computer at first instance. Booting is the process of starting a computer, and it can be done in two ways: cold booting and warm booting. A cold boot occurs when a computer is turned on after being completely shut down. This is the first time the computer is starting up and all components are starting from a completely powered-off state. This type of booting is often necessary when there are problems with the operating system or software and a restart does not resolve the issue. A warm boot, on the other hand, occurs when a computer is restarted without first being shut down. This type of booting is usually faster than a cold boot because some components remain powered on and do not need to be restarted from a completely powered-off state. The options "hot," "spicy," and "cool" are not relevant to booting a computer.

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The correct answer is "data conversion." Data conversion refers to the process of changing the format of computer data from one type to another. This may involve converting data from one file format to another, such as converting a document from Microsoft Word format to PDF. It can also involve converting data from one data type to another, such as converting a string of text to a numerical value. Data conversion can be important for many reasons, such as ensuring compatibility between different software programs, preserving data in a usable format over time, and improving the efficiency of data processing. For example, converting data to a more efficient format can reduce the amount of storage space needed, which can be important when dealing with large amounts of data. In summary, data conversion is the process of changing the format or type of computer data to make it usable in different contexts or more efficient to process.

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The system software that always resides in the main memory is the Operating System (OS). In many operating systems, the loader resides permanently in memory. The OS manages the resources of the computer and acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. It is responsible for tasks such as memory management, process management, file management, and input/output operations. Text editors, assemblers, linkers, and loaders are all types of system software, but they do not always reside in the main memory. They are typically loaded into memory when needed, and can be swapped out of memory when other processes need more memory. This is because main memory is a limited resource and the OS dynamically allocates it to different processes as needed.

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Destruction of files for malicious reasons, such as access by fraudulent people, is classified as "unauthorized access". This means that someone who is not authorized to access the files has gained access to them, and has intentionally damaged or deleted the files. This type of access is illegal and is a violation of the owner's rights to the information stored in the files.

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The touchpad of a laptop serves the same function as a mouse. A touchpad is a flat surface on the laptop that you can slide your finger on to move the cursor on the screen. Just like a mouse, you can use the touchpad to select, click, and scroll. It provides an alternative to using a traditional mouse for navigation on the laptop.

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The operating system controls the way in which a computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer. The operating system (OS) is a type of software that manages and controls the hardware and software resources of a computer system. It provides a common platform for different types of applications to run on the computer and enables users to interact with the computer by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command line interface (CLI). The operating system performs various tasks, such as managing the computer's memory, processing input and output requests, controlling peripheral devices, and providing a file system for storing and retrieving data. It also provides security features, such as user authentication and access control, to protect the computer system from unauthorized access. The operating system is a fundamental component of any computer system, and it enables users to interact with the computer by providing a user-friendly interface. It acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the applications, making it possible for different programs to run on the same computer and share resources such as memory, CPU time, and disk space. In summary, the operating system is the software that controls the way in which a computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer, by managing and controlling the hardware and software resources of the system and providing a platform for different types of applications to run.

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The acronym "IP address" stands for "Internet Protocol address". An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to the internet. Think of it like a phone number for your computer or other device. When you visit a website, your device sends a request to the website's IP address and then the website responds by sending the requested information back to your device's IP address. This is how devices on the internet communicate with each other.

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Document readers are devices or software programs that can analyze and interpret written or printed text on a document. These devices can read different types of data from documents such as marks, handwritten and printed characters, and printed lines. Marks can include things like checkmarks or ticks that people might use to indicate a selection on a form or questionnaire. Handwritten characters are any letters, numbers or symbols that are written by hand, whereas printed characters are those that are produced by a printer. Printed lines refer to the lines of text that are printed on a page. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as document readers can read all of these types of data from documents.

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The most basic network is a Personal Area Network or PAN. A PAN is a network that connects devices located within a relatively small area, typically within a person's personal space. This can include devices like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other wearable devices. A PAN can be created using different types of technologies like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, which allow devices to communicate with each other and share resources such as files, internet connection, and printers, among others. For example, if you have a smartphone and a wireless headset, you can create a PAN by connecting your phone to the headset via Bluetooth. This allows you to make and receive phone calls hands-free. In summary, a PAN is the most basic network as it connects devices within a small personal area and is easy to set up and use. It is the foundation upon which larger and more complex networks like LAN, WAN, and MAN are built.

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The first commuters were programmed using machine language. Machine language is the lowest-level programming language that can be used to write computer programs. It consists of binary code, which is a sequence of 1's and 0's that the computer can understand and execute directly. The first computers, such as the ENIAC, did not have high-level programming languages like we have today, such as Python or Java. Instead, they had to be programmed using machine language. This meant that the programmers had to manually enter long sequences of binary code to perform even the simplest tasks on the computer. As computers advanced, higher-level programming languages were developed to make programming easier and more accessible to non-experts. These higher-level languages are often compiled into machine language, which the computer can then execute. But in the early days of computing, programmers had no choice but to write code directly in machine language.

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The Caps key on a keyboard is used to switch between upper and lower case letters. When you press the Caps key, it changes the letter case of the letters you type from lowercase to uppercase or vice versa. This means that if you type with the Caps key on, all the letters you type will appear in uppercase. Similarly, if you type with the Caps key off, all the letters you type will appear in lowercase. This feature is particularly useful when you want to emphasize certain words or phrases, such as in titles or headings. It can also be used to make your text easier to read by adding some variety to the letter case. For example, when typing a password or other sensitive information, you may want to use a combination of upper and lower case letters to make it more secure. In summary, the Caps key is used to switch between uppercase and lowercase letters in order to make text easier to read, emphasize words, or add security to sensitive information.

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The option that is not a type of logic gate is "DOR" because it is not a commonly used logic gate in digital electronics. Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits, and they perform basic logical operations on input signals to generate output signals. The three most commonly used types of logic gates are XOR, OR, and AND. XOR (exclusive OR) gate generates a high output only when the inputs are different, and a low output when they are the same. It is commonly used in digital communication systems and encryption algorithms. OR gate generates a high output if any of its inputs are high, and a low output if all of its inputs are low. It is used to combine multiple input signals in digital circuits. AND gate generates a high output only when all of its inputs are high, and a low output if any of its inputs are low. It is used to implement logical conjunction (AND) in digital circuits. In summary, DOR is not a type of logic gate because it is not commonly used in digital electronics. The commonly used types of logic gates are XOR, OR, and AND.

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The test used to determine if a computer has the ability to think is called the Turing test. The Turing test was proposed by the mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing as a way to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. The test involves a human evaluator who engages in a natural language conversation with a machine and a human, without knowing which is which, and tries to determine which is the machine based on their responses. If the evaluator is unable to reliably distinguish the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the Turing test and demonstrated human-like intelligence.

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There are some devices that can be used as both input and output devices. These are: 1. Touch screen monitor: A touch screen monitor can be used as both an input and output device. It can display information to the user and also accept input from them through touch. 2. Digitizer: A digitizer is another device that can act as both an input and output device. It is used to convert analog signals, such as handwriting or sketches, into digital form. It can also display the digital output on a screen. In contrast, devices like a scanner and speaker are typically designed to perform just one function. A scanner is primarily an input device that converts physical documents into digital images, while a speaker is an output device that produces sound. To summarize, touch screen monitors and digitizers can be used as both input and output devices, while scanners and speakers are typically limited to a single function.

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both A and B

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Dividing a number by zero is an impossible mathematical operation, which leads to a type of error called an "Arithmetic error". When a program encounters such an operation, it is unable to perform the calculation, and it generates an error message to indicate the issue. Arithmetic errors are a type of runtime error because they occur during the execution of the program, rather than during the compilation or writing of the code (syntax errors). Logical errors are different from arithmetic errors because they occur when the program's logic is flawed, leading to incorrect results. So, in summary, dividing by zero results in an arithmetic error because it is a mathematical impossibility that cannot be computed.

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The type of storage that retains data even when the power is turned off is called non-volatile storage. Non-volatile storage is different from volatile storage, which loses all data when the power is turned off. To help you understand the difference, imagine that you have two types of memory: a whiteboard and a notebook. The whiteboard is like volatile memory because anything you write on it will disappear as soon as you erase it or turn off the lights. On the other hand, the notebook is like non-volatile memory because anything you write in it will remain there until you deliberately erase or destroy it. Similarly, non-volatile storage, such as hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and flash drives, can retain data even when the power is turned off. This is because the data is stored using physical means that do not require an electrical charge to be maintained. In contrast, volatile storage, such as RAM, loses all data when the power is turned off because the data is stored using electrical charges that require a constant supply of power to be maintained. Overall, non-volatile storage is essential for long-term data storage because it can retain data even in the absence of power, whereas volatile storage is useful for short-term storage of data that does not need to be preserved beyond the current session or power cycle.

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A computer monitor is also known as a VDU, which stands for "Visual Display Unit." This is because the monitor is responsible for displaying the visual output of the computer, allowing you to see the information, images, videos, and graphics that are generated by the computer's software. The VDU or monitor is an essential part of any computer setup, and without it, you wouldn't be able to interact with your computer in a meaningful way. So, in short, a computer monitor and a VDU are the same thing! As for the other options, DVU, UVD, and CCTV are not commonly used terms for a computer monitor.

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There are essentially two types of booting: 1. Cold booting: This is the process of starting a computer from a powered-off state. This is typically done by pressing the power button on the computer. A cold boot starts the computer's hardware and boot loader, which then loads the operating system into memory. 2. Warm booting: This is the process of restarting a computer that is already powered on. This is typically done by pressing the reset button or by using the operating system's restart feature. A warm boot reloads the operating system from memory, bypassing the boot loader and hardware initialization. It's important to note that these are the two most basic and widely used types of booting, but there could be other variations or advanced booting procedures used in certain scenarios.