Give reasons why the pre-colonial government in Yoruba land can be described as democratic.

Answer Details

Why the pre-colonial government in Yorubaland can be described as democratic

Although the Oba (king) was the head of government, his powers were checked and the people participated in governance. The following features show its democratic character:

1. The Oba was not an absolute ruler: The Oba ruled with, and was checked by, a council of chiefs. He could not take major decisions alone, which prevented tyranny.
2. The Oyo Mesi (council of kingmakers): This powerful council of seven chiefs, headed by the Bashorun, selected the Oba and could check his excesses, thereby limiting royal power.
3. Checks and balances: The Oyo Mesi checked the Alaafin, while the Ogboni cult (Osugbo) checked the Oyo Mesi, creating a system of balance among the organs of government.
4. Power to remove a bad ruler: If the Oba became tyrannical, the Oyo Mesi could reject him; by presenting him with an empty calabash or parrot's egg, he was called upon to "go to sleep" (commit suicide). This is comparable to a vote of no confidence.
5. Consultation and consensus: Decisions were reached through discussion, consultation and consensus among the Oba, the chiefs and the elders, rather than by the will of one man.
6. Representation of interests: Various groups - age-grades, guilds, town chiefs, market women (through the Iyalode) - were represented and had a voice in the affairs of the community.
7. Public participation and accountability: Rulers were accountable to the people through the chiefs and councils, and the interests and welfare of the people were considered.
8. Rule of law and respect for custom: Government was carried on according to established customs, traditions and taboos which even the Oba had to respect.