Identify any six features of the igbo traditional societies.

Features of Igbo Traditional Society

The Igbo of south-eastern Nigeria operated a decentralised, republican political system without a central monarch. Its main features were:

1. Absence of a centralised authority (stateless/acephalous system): There was no single powerful king ruling over the whole society; each village or town governed itself independently.
2. Direct/participatory democracy: Government was based on the village assembly where all adult males had the right to attend, speak and take part in decision-making. Decisions were reached by consensus.
3. Rule by the council of elders and titled men: The elders (Ndichie), heads of families and holders of titles such as the Ozo exercised authority and settled disputes on behalf of the community.
4. Age-grade system: Age grades organised the youth for tasks such as sanitation, defence, road-making and enforcement of decisions, and served as an important instrument of administration and social control.
5. Kinship and family (lineage) organisation: Society was built on the extended family and lineage, with the oldest man (Okpara/Ofo holder) as head, giving strong communal and blood ties.
6. Role of religion and secret societies: Belief in gods, ancestors and oracles (such as the Ozo institution and secret societies like Mmanwu) reinforced law, order and morality.
7. Republican and egalitarian outlook: The Igbo prized individual achievement and equality; leadership was earned through hard work, wisdom and titles rather than inherited.

(Any six of the above are acceptable.)