Highlight the main functions of the executive in a modern state.

The executive is the arm of government responsible for the implementation and enforcement of laws and policies. Its main functions in a modern state are as follows.

1. Execution and enforcement of laws: The executive puts into effect the laws made by the legislature and ensures that they are obeyed by the citizens.
2. Formulation and implementation of policies: It initiates, formulates and carries out government policies and programmes for the development and welfare of the state.
3. Maintenance of law and order: Through the police and other security agencies, the executive maintains internal peace, order and security of lives and property.
4. Defence of the country: As commander-in-chief, the executive controls the armed forces and defends the nation against external aggression.
5. Conduct of foreign relations: The executive manages the country's external affairs, appoints and receives ambassadors, negotiates and signs treaties and represents the state internationally.
6. Preparation of the budget and control of finance: The executive prepares the annual budget, collects revenue and manages public funds subject to legislative approval.
7. Making appointments: It appoints ministers, judges, ambassadors and other public officials, subject where necessary to legislative confirmation.
8. Prerogative of mercy: The executive can pardon, reprieve or commute the sentences of convicted persons.