Discuss the characteristics of the civil service.

Characteristics of the civil service

1. Permanence: Civil servants enjoy security of tenure; they remain in office regardless of changes of government, retiring only on grounds such as age, ill-health or misconduct.
2. Political neutrality (impartiality): Civil servants do not take part in partisan politics; they serve any government of the day faithfully irrespective of its political leanings.
3. Anonymity: They work behind the scenes and do not take public credit or blame for policies; it is the minister who is answerable to the public and to parliament.
4. Impartiality: They treat all citizens equally and give unbiased advice, without fear or favour.
5. Hierarchical organisation: The service is arranged in a clear chain of command, from the permanent secretary at the top down through the various grades, with each officer answerable to a superior.
6. Expertise and professionalism: Officers are recruited on merit through competitive examinations and are trained specialists in their fields.
7. Recruitment on merit: Appointment and promotion are based on qualification, ability and experience rather than on political patronage.
8. Rule by established rules and procedures: The service operates according to fixed regulations, official channels and written records.