Fascism and Nazism are ideologies that were promoted respectively by

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Fascism and Nazism are two related but distinct totalitarian ideologies that emerged in Europe during the interwar period. Fascism was promoted by Benito Mussolini in Italy, while Nazism (National Socialism) was promoted by Adolf Hitler in Germany.

Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party in Italy in 1921 and rose to power in 1922. Fascism under Mussolini emphasised extreme nationalism, authoritarian rule, state control of the economy, suppression of opposition, and the glorification of the state above the individual. Italy under Mussolini became a one-party totalitarian state.

Hitler, leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party), came to power in Germany in 1933. Nazism incorporated fascist principles but added a virulent racial ideology centred on the supposed superiority of the "Aryan race," antisemitism, and the concept of Lebensraum (living space). Hitler's ideas were outlined in his book Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"), written in 1925.

Among the other options, "Mein Kampf and Hitler" incorrectly pairs a book with a person rather than two leaders. "Mikarno and Tito" and "Fletcher and Lenin" are not associated with Fascism or Nazism - Tito was a Yugoslav communist leader, and Lenin was the leader of the Russian Bolshevik Revolution.