(a) Write explanatory notes on any two of the following: (i) Population density; (ii) Birth rate; (iii) Optimum population. (b) In what four ways can the pr...

(a) Explanatory notes (any two):

(i) Population density: This is the average number of people living per unit area of land, usually per square kilometre. It is obtained by dividing the total population of an area by its land area:

It shows how crowded or sparsely settled an area is (dense, moderate or sparse).

(ii) Birth rate: This is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in one year. A high birth rate means many babies are born relative to the population, and it is a major factor in population growth.

(iii) Optimum population: This is the population size that, given the available resources and level of technology, yields the highest standard of living and the best return per head. It is the ideal balance between population and resources, neither under- nor over-populated.

(b) Ways of solving the problems of under-population:

1. Encourage higher birth rates through incentives such as tax relief, child allowances and maternity benefits.
2. Encourage immigration of skilled and labouring workers to increase the population and labour force.
3. Improve health services to lower death rates and raise life expectancy.
4. Develop resources and industries and provide jobs and amenities to retain people and attract settlers.