Which verse supports equality of all human beings?

Verse 49:13 of the Qur'an (Surah Al-Hujurat) is the foundational verse on the equality of all human beings in Islam. It states: "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you."

This verse establishes several key principles:

• All human beings share a common origin (created from a single male and female).
• Ethnic, racial, and tribal differences exist for mutual recognition and cooperation, not for superiority or discrimination.
• The only valid basis for distinction in the sight of Allah is taqwa (righteousness and God-consciousness), not lineage, wealth, colour, or social status.

The other verses address different topics: 5:3 (Surah Al-Ma'idah) discusses the completion and perfection of the religion of Islam; 4:59 (Surah An-Nisa) commands obedience to Allah, the Messenger, and those in authority; and 24:2 (Surah An-Nur) prescribes the punishment for unlawful sexual relations.