Outline the contribution of Ibn Khaldin to Islam.

‘Abd ar-Rahman Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 C.E.) was a Muslim historian, jurist, sociologist and statesman born in Tunis. He is regarded as the father of the philosophy of history and of sociology. His contributions include:

1. The Muqaddimah (Prolegomena). His famous introduction to his world history laid down a scientific method for studying society and civilisation, making him a pioneer of the social sciences.
2. The concept of ‘Asabiyyah (group solidarity). He explained the rise and fall of dynasties and civilisations through the strength or weakness of social cohesion, a lasting contribution to political thought.
3. Historical criticism. He introduced critical analysis of historical reports, rejecting exaggeration and testing narratives against reason and social laws, thereby refining Islamic historiography.
4. His major history, Kitab al-‘Ibar, a universal history of the Arabs, Berbers and neighbouring peoples, preserved much information about Islamic and North African civilisation.
5. Islamic jurisprudence and scholarship. He served as a Maliki judge (Qadi) in Egypt, upholding justice and reforming the judiciary according to the Shari‘ah.
6. Education and economics. He wrote on the value of learning, the crafts, taxation, labour and the market, anticipating many later economic ideas.
7. Defence of the Muslim community. His works showed the achievements of Islamic civilisation and gave later Muslims a framework to understand their history and the causes of decline.

Through these works Ibn Khaldun enriched Islamic scholarship and gave the world enduring tools for the study of history and society.