(a) Explain concurrent functions in a federation (b) Outline five features of a confederal system of government.

(a) Concurrent functions in a federation

Concurrent functions (the concurrent list) are the subjects and functions on which both the central (federal) government and the component (regional or state) governments are empowered to make laws. Examples include education, health, agriculture and roads. Where a state law conflicts with a federal law on a concurrent matter, the federal law prevails and the state law is void to the extent of the inconsistency.

(b) Features of a confederal system of government

1. Weak central authority. The central government is weak and depends on the component states for its powers.
2. Sovereignty resides in the units. The component states retain their sovereignty and independence.
3. Right of secession. Member states are free to withdraw from the union whenever they wish.
4. The centre depends on the units for finance. The central body has no direct power of taxation over citizens and relies on contributions from the states.
5. Central decisions may be ignored. The units can refuse to carry out or can nullify the decisions of the central government.
6. Union by agreement. The confederation is formed by treaty or agreement among independent states, mainly for defence and economic purposes.