A documentary team is editing a final section called “Pakistan: independence to 2022”. It has interviews about partition refugees, the 1971 break-up, milita...
Question 1 Report
A documentary team is editing a final section called “Pakistan: independence to 2022”. It has interviews about partition refugees, the 1971 break-up, military and civilian governments, the war on terror, and new infrastructure links with China. The producer asks you to make a balanced historical judgement: has Pakistan made greater progress through strong central authority or through democratic participation? Use relevant events from different periods, including the role of Islam and relations with India.
(a) Identify one occasion between 1947 and 2022 when Pakistan was ruled directly by the military. [2]
(b) Explain two achievements that Pakistan made despite major political or security problems. [4]
(c) Analyse how far democratic participation, rather than strong central authority, helped Pakistan meet its challenges between independence and 2022. [5]
Answer Details
(a) Any one, with valid date/leader: Ayub Khan after 1958; Yahya Khan from 1969; Zia-ul-Haq from 1977; Pervez Musharraf after 1999. Leader/date stated correctly. [2] (b) Any four: adoption of the 1973 Constitution; development of irrigation, dams and industry; survival and rebuilding after 1971; nuclear deterrent in 1998; elected transfers of power, especially 2013; devolution through the Eighteenth Amendment; expansion of roads/energy investment including CPEC; major disaster and health relief efforts. [4] (c) Award up to five for a supported judgement. Democratic participation: elections gave governments legitimacy; the 1973 Constitution and parliament provided a framework; provincial autonomy addressed regional grievances; civilian transfers suggested institutional progress. Strong central authority: military governments could make rapid decisions on security, development or emergency action; army capacity was significant in disasters and conflict. Limits: military rule restricted parties and rights, and did not prevent 1971 or later instability; civilian governments faced corruption, violence, coalition conflict and establishment pressure. A reasoned conclusion on the relative importance of democracy, supported by accurate examples from different periods. [5]
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