Fig. 1 shows part of a fieldwork enquiry completed by students in Lagos, Nigeria. They walked from a planned residential estate to a nearby informal settlem...
Question 1 Report
Fig. 1 shows part of a fieldwork enquiry completed by students in Lagos, Nigeria. They walked from a planned residential estate to a nearby informal settlement and recorded environmental conditions at six sites. The arrows show the direction of their route. At site C, students observed open drains, waste beside homes and a standpipe shared by many households. They used the same observation sheet at every site.
(a) State one environmental problem that the students could record at site C. [1]
(b) Describe one way the students could make their environmental-quality data more reliable. [2]
(c) Suggest two improvements that a city authority could make to reduce the problems shown in Fig. 1. [2]
A map used in a climate-change study shows the route of a seasonal worker from a drought-affected farming district in Guatemala to a city on the United States border. Consecutive dry seasons reduced maize harvests and the worker decided to seek paid employment. The journey shown in Fig. 1 involves both internal and international migration. Some family members remain in the village and receive money sent home by the worker.
(a) State the type of migration from the farming village to Guatemala City. [1]
(b) Explain how drought can act as a push factor for migration. [2]
(c) Suggest two possible effects on the village when a worker sends remittances home. [2]
Answer Details
Lagos environmental quality
- (a) Uncollected solid waste is one environmental problem that could be recorded at site C. Polluted open drainage, inadequate access to clean water, and overcrowding are also valid. [1]
- (b) Repeat observations at each site. Repetition reduces the influence of an unusual observation, making the results more reliable. Using several students and calculating a mean score, clearly defined categories, or surveying at the same time of day are also valid. [2]
- (c) The authority could provide regular waste collection and construct covered drains or sewers. Additional safe water points and improved housing and sanitation are also valid. [2]
Migration from Guatemala
- (a) Movement from the farming village to Guatemala City is rural-to-urban internal migration. It occurs within the same country. [1]
- (b) Drought reduces crop yields or livestock productivity. This causes lower income or food shortages, pushing people to leave in search of paid work. [2]
- (c) Remittances can help families pay for food, health care, or education. They may also fund improvements to homes or farms. However, dependence on money from abroad may rise, and fewer working-age adults may remain to farm. Any two. [2]
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