(a) Explain the term commercial farming. [2 marks] (b) Mention two agricultural produce used by each of the following agro-based industries: (i) canning ind...

(a) Commercial farming

Commercial farming is the large-scale production of crops and/or livestock mainly for sale and profit, rather than for the farmer's own consumption.

(b) Two agricultural produce used by each agro-based industry

• (i) Canning industry: tomatoes and fruits (for example pineapple/orange); fish and vegetables are also acceptable.
• (ii) Beverage industry: cocoa and coffee (also tea).
• (iii) Feed mill: maize and groundnut cake (also soya bean, fish meal, bone meal).

(c) Two aims of each organisation

(i) International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA):

1. To carry out research aimed at improving livestock production in Africa.
2. To train personnel and provide information for the development of the livestock industry.

(ii) International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA):

1. To carry out research to improve the yield and quality of tropical food crops.
2. To develop improved crop varieties and better farming systems, and to train agricultural scientists.

(d) Surface irrigation

Surface irrigation is a method of applying water to crops by allowing it to flow over and spread across the surface of the land by gravity (for example through furrows, basins or flooding).

(e) Soil horizons

• (i) Horizon A (topsoil): the uppermost layer; it is dark in colour, rich in humus/organic matter and soil organisms, and is the most fertile layer where most plant roots grow.
• (ii) Horizon D (bedrock/parent rock, R horizon): the deepest layer consisting of solid, unweathered parent rock from which the soil above is formed.