SECTION B
Answer all the questions in this section
Study specimens L, M, P, and Q and answer questions 3(a) to 3(d).
(a) Name the region of the human body where each of specimens L and Q are located.
L:
Q:
b(i) State four observable differences between specimens L and Q.
(ii) State four observable similarities between specimens L and Q.
c(i) Name two bones each that articulate with specimens M and P.
(ii) Name one vertebra each that is located and after each of specimens L and Q in the vertebral column.
Before After
L: ................................. ....................................
Q: ................................ .....................................
(d) Complete the table below by using tick (✔) to indicate presence and cross (X) to indicate absence of the following features in each of specimens L, M, P and Q.
| Specimen |
Features |
| |
Neural canal |
Rounded head |
Neural spine |
Long shaft |
| L |
|
|
|
|
| M |
X |
|
|
|
| P |
|
|
|
|
| Q |
|
|
✔ |
|
Specimen L - Thoracic vertebra
Specimen M - Humerus bone
Specimen P - Femur bone
Specimen Q - Lumbar Vertebra
(a) Region of the human body where each of specimens L and Q are located.
L: chest or thorax region
Q: abdominal region or between thoracic and sacral vertebrae
b(i)Four observable differences between specimens L and Q.
| L(Thoracic vertebra) |
Q(Lumbar vertebra) |
| presence of small centrum |
presence of large centrum |
| Neural spine is long |
Neural spine is short |
| Transverse process is long |
Transverse process is short |
| Absence of anapophysis |
Anapophysis is present |
| Demifacets are present |
Demifacets are absent |
(ii) Observable similarities between specimens L and Q.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have facet joints that articulate with adjacent vertebrae.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a body.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a spinous process that extends backward.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have transverse processes that extend laterally.
- Both of them possess neural arch.
c(i) Bones each that articulate with specimens M(humerus bone) and P(femur bone)
M: scapula, ulna, cervical
P: pelvic girdle, tibia
(ii) One vertebra each that is located and after each of specimens L and Q in the vertebral column.
Before After
L: ...cervical vertebra.. ...Lumbar vertebra...
Q: ....thoracic vertebra.. ....sacral vertebra....
(d)
| Specimen |
Features |
| |
Neural canal |
Rounded head |
Neural spine |
Long shaft |
| L(thoracic) |
✔ |
X |
✔ |
|
| M(humerus bone) |
X |
✔ |
X |
✔ |
| P(femur bone) |
|
✔ |
X |
✔ |
| Q(Lumbar vertebra) |
✔ |
X |
✔ |
|
Specimen L - Thoracic vertebra
Specimen M - Humerus bone
Specimen P - Femur bone
Specimen Q - Lumbar Vertebra
(a) Region of the human body where each of specimens L and Q are located.
L: chest or thorax region
Q: abdominal region or between thoracic and sacral vertebrae
b(i)Four observable differences between specimens L and Q.
| L(Thoracic vertebra) |
Q(Lumbar vertebra) |
| presence of small centrum |
presence of large centrum |
| Neural spine is long |
Neural spine is short |
| Transverse process is long |
Transverse process is short |
| Absence of anapophysis |
Anapophysis is present |
| Demifacets are present |
Demifacets are absent |
(ii) Observable similarities between specimens L and Q.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have facet joints that articulate with adjacent vertebrae.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a body.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have a spinous process that extends backward.
- Both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae have transverse processes that extend laterally.
- Both of them possess neural arch.
c(i) Bones each that articulate with specimens M(humerus bone) and P(femur bone)
M: scapula, ulna, cervical
P: pelvic girdle, tibia
(ii) One vertebra each that is located and after each of specimens L and Q in the vertebral column.
Before After
L: ...cervical vertebra.. ...Lumbar vertebra...
Q: ....thoracic vertebra.. ....sacral vertebra....
(d)
| Specimen |
Features |
| |
Neural canal |
Rounded head |
Neural spine |
Long shaft |
| L(thoracic) |
✔ |
X |
✔ |
|
| M(humerus bone) |
X |
✔ |
X |
✔ |
| P(femur bone) |
|
✔ |
X |
✔ |
| Q(Lumbar vertebra) |
✔ |
X |
✔ |
|
