(a) What is foreign policy? (b) Outline the basic factors that influence Nigeria's foreign policy.

(a) Meaning of foreign policy

Foreign policy is the set of principles, goals and strategies that a state adopts to guide its relations and dealings with other states and international organisations in the pursuit and protection of its national interest. It is the totality of a country's actions, attitudes and decisions in the conduct of its external affairs, aimed at safeguarding its security, promoting its economic and political interests and enhancing its image in the international community.

(b) Basic factors that influence Nigeria's foreign policy

1. National interest: The overriding factor is the protection and promotion of Nigeria's security, economic and political interests, which every foreign policy decision seeks to serve.
2. Geographical location: Nigeria's position in West Africa and on the African continent shapes its concern for the peace, stability and integration of its immediate sub-region and of Africa as a whole.
3. Historical and colonial ties: Nigeria's colonial past and membership of bodies such as the Commonwealth influence its relations with Britain and other former colonial powers.
4. Economic considerations: The state of the economy, dependence on oil, the need for trade, investment, aid and markets strongly influences the direction of foreign policy.
5. Military strength: The size and capability of the armed forces affect Nigeria's ability to project power, undertake peacekeeping and back its diplomacy, as in ECOMOG operations.
6. Population and human resources: Nigeria's large population and manpower give it a leadership claim in Africa and influence its role and voice in international affairs.
7. Ideology and political system: The prevailing ideology and the nature of the government of the day (military or civilian) shape the tone and priorities of foreign policy.
8. Public opinion and pressure groups: The views of citizens, the press, the National Assembly and interest groups influence foreign policy decisions.
9. Membership of international organisations: Nigeria's membership of the AU (formerly OAU), ECOWAS, the UN, the Commonwealth and the Non-Aligned Movement imposes obligations that shape its external conduct.
10. The international environment: Global power alignments, the dictates of world peace and the actions of other states affect the choices open to Nigeria.
11. The personality of leaders: The disposition and vision of the head of government and key decision-makers influence particular foreign-policy positions.