What are the characteristics of feudalism?

Feudalism was a political, social and economic system that prevailed in medieval Europe and in parts of pre-colonial Africa, based on land ownership and a chain of personal obligations between lord and vassal. Its main characteristics are as follows.

1. Land as the basis of power and wealth: Land (the fief) was the principal source of wealth and status. Whoever controlled land controlled political and economic power.
2. A hierarchical class structure: Society was rigidly stratified, typically with the king or monarch at the top, followed by the nobles or lords, then the knights or vassals, and the peasants or serfs at the bottom.
3. The lord-vassal relationship: Land was granted by a lord to a vassal in return for military service, loyalty and other obligations, creating a chain of personal ties running from the king down to the lowest tenant.
4. Obligations and services: Vassals owed their lords military service, homage, fealty and various dues, while lords owed their vassals protection and the grant of land.
5. Serfdom and forced labour: The peasants or serfs were tied to the land, worked on the lord's estate (the manor), paid rents and dues, and were not free to leave without the lord's permission.
6. The manorial (self-sufficient) economy: Economic life centred on the manor, which was largely self-sufficient, producing most of what it needed and engaging in little trade or use of money.
7. Decentralised political authority: Political power was fragmented among many local lords rather than concentrated in a strong central government, so that each lord exercised authority, including justice, over his own domain.
8. Ascription and heredity: Status and position were largely inherited and fixed by birth, allowing little social mobility between classes.
9. Fusion of political and economic power: The same landowning class that controlled the economy also exercised political and judicial authority over the people on its land.

Feudalism therefore rested on land tenure, a hierarchy of mutual obligations and the subordination of a servile peasantry to a landowning aristocracy.