(a) Give any three reasons each for the (i) high volume of trade between Nigeria and the U.S.A. (ii) low volume of trade between Nigeria and Ghana (b) Sugge...

(a)(i) Three reasons for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and the U.S.A.

1. The U.S.A. is a large buyer of Nigeria's crude oil, which is Nigeria's main export, creating a high value of trade between them.
2. The two economies are complementary: the U.S.A. produces manufactured goods, machinery and technology that Nigeria needs, while Nigeria supplies raw materials, so they exchange different goods.
3. The U.S.A. has large capital, advanced technology and huge industries and a strong currency, enabling it to buy in large quantities and to invest in Nigeria.

(a)(ii) Three reasons for the low volume of trade between Nigeria and Ghana

1. The two countries produce similar goods (cocoa, timber, agricultural produce), so their economies compete rather than complement each other, giving little to exchange.
2. Both are developing countries with weak industrial bases, so neither produces much manufactured goods that the other needs.
3. Different currencies, trade barriers/tariffs and poor transport links between them make cross-border trade difficult and reduce its volume.

(b) Four ways of improving trade between Nigeria and other West African countries

1. Strengthen and enforce regional economic cooperation (ECOWAS) by removing tariffs and trade barriers and establishing a common market.
2. Improve transport and communication links (roads, railways, air and sea routes) between the countries.
3. Introduce a common currency or a workable payment/exchange system to ease cross-border transactions.
4. Diversify and industrialise their economies so that they produce different goods to exchange, and check smuggling while harmonising trade policies.