A livestock farmer intends to improve his breeds of cattle. Which of the following should he adopt to achieve his objective?

The three recognised methods of livestock improvement are introduction, selection, and breeding. A farmer who wants to improve the genetic quality of a cattle herd should adopt all three in combination:

• Introduction involves bringing in superior breeds or genetic material from another region or country to improve the local stock. For example, importing exotic breeds with higher milk yield or faster growth rate.
• Selection is the process of choosing the best-performing animals from the existing herd based on desirable traits (high milk yield, disease resistance, fast growth) and keeping them as breeding stock while culling the rest.
• Breeding is the controlled mating of selected animals to produce offspring that combine desirable traits from both parents.

The other options mix improvement methods with routine management practices that do not directly improve genetics:

• Flushing is a nutritional practice of increasing feed quality before mating to boost ovulation rate - it improves fertility temporarily, not the breed.
• Creep feeding is providing supplementary feed to young animals - it improves growth, not genetics.
• Branding is an identification method, not a breeding strategy.
• Ad lib feeding (feeding freely) is a management practice, not a genetic improvement method.