(a) What is political socialization? (b) Explain the major agents of political socialization

(a) Meaning of political socialization

Political socialization is the process by which an individual acquires political knowledge, values, beliefs, attitudes and orientations towards the political system of his society. It is the lifelong learning process through which people come to understand their political roles, develop political opinions, and form loyalties that shape their political behaviour.

(b) Major agents of political socialization

1. The family: As the first agent, the family transmits early political attitudes, values and party loyalties to the child.
2. The school: Through civic education, history and interaction, the school teaches citizens about government, rights, duties and national values.
3. Peer groups: Friends and associates influence one another's political opinions, attitudes and participation.
4. The mass media: Newspapers, radio, television and the internet inform, educate and shape public opinion on political issues.
5. Religious institutions: Churches and mosques teach moral and civic values that affect political outlook and conduct.
6. Political parties and pressure groups: They mobilise, educate and orient citizens on political ideologies, issues and participation.
7. The government/state: Through its institutions, symbols, ceremonies and policies, the state instils loyalty and a sense of national identity.