Figure 2 is a cross-section of a migration route from Poland to the United Kingdom. It is based on information that could appear in a resource booklet. Krak...

Award 5 marks for each valid stated effect, up to 35. Accept effects on either country where clearly linked to Polish migration to the UK.
• The UK gains workers to fill labour shortages, for example in construction, health care, hospitality, agriculture or food processing.
• UK businesses may increase output because they have enough employees.
• Migrants pay income tax, National Insurance and indirect taxes, increasing government revenue in the UK.
• Demand for housing, school places and health services may rise in places where migrants settle, such as London.
• Cultural diversity in UK communities can increase through Polish shops, food, language and festivals.
• Poland may experience a shortage of young or skilled workers, sometimes called brain drain.
• Migrants can send remittances to family members in Poland, raising household income there.
• Return migrants may bring savings, qualifications, language skills and business ideas back to Poland.
• Families may be separated, which can create social and emotional costs in Poland.
• Competition for some low-paid jobs or rented housing may be perceived to increase in the UK.