a. Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations. [10 marks] b. State one function each of the following parts in a dicotyledonous leaf:...
Question 1 Report
a. Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations. [10 marks]
b. State one function each of the following parts in a dicotyledonous leaf:
(i) palisade;
(ii) vascular bundle;
(iii) epidermis. [3 marks]
c. State one function each of the following parts in the stem of a flowering plant:
(i) sieve tube;
(ii) cortex;
(iii) pith.
d. In a tabular form, state:
(i) two external structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding. [2 marks]
(ii) two internal structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding. [2 marks]
Answer Details
(a) Five vertebrae in mammals with their locations
| Vertebra | Location in the body |
|---|---|
| Cervical vertebrae | Neck region |
| Thoracic vertebrae | Chest (thorax) region, articulating with the ribs |
| Lumbar vertebrae | Lower back (abdominal) region |
| Sacral vertebrae | Hip (pelvic) region, fused to form the sacrum |
| Caudal vertebrae | Tail region |
(b) One function each in a dicotyledonous leaf
- Palisade: contains many chloroplasts and is the main site of photosynthesis.
- Vascular bundle (vein): conducts water and mineral salts to the leaf (xylem) and carries manufactured food away (phloem); it also supports the leaf.
- Epidermis: protects the inner tissues and, being covered by a cuticle, reduces water loss.
(c) One function each in the stem of a flowering plant
- Sieve tube: conducts (translocates) manufactured food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
- Cortex: stores food and water and gives support to the stem.
- Pith: stores food and water in the centre of the stem.
(d)(i) Two external structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seedling
| Stem | Root |
|---|---|
| Bears leaves and buds | Bears no leaves or buds |
| Green in colour (photosynthetic) | Not green (whitish/brown) |
Also: stem grows upward, root grows downward; root has root hairs and a root cap, the stem does not.
(d)(ii) Two internal structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seedling
| Stem | Root |
|---|---|
| Vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue | Vascular tissue arranged in a central ring (central cylinder) |
| Xylem and phloem lie side by side in each bundle (conjoint) | Xylem and phloem lie on separate radii (radial arrangement) |
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