(a)What is sovereignty of a state? (b) Outline the limitations of sovereignty in a state.

(a) Sovereignty of a state

Sovereignty is the supreme, absolute and unlimited power of the state to make and enforce laws within its territory and to conduct its affairs free from external control. It has an internal aspect (supreme authority over all persons and associations inside the state) and an external aspect (independence from the control of any other state).

(b) Limitations of sovereignty in a state

1. International law and treaties. Obligations under treaties, conventions and membership of bodies such as the UN restrict how a state may act.
2. Public opinion. Government cannot ignore the wishes and reactions of the people without risking resistance or loss of power.
3. The constitution. A rigid, written or entrenched constitution limits what the government may lawfully do.
4. Fundamental human rights. Guaranteed rights and freedoms of citizens set boundaries the state may not cross.
5. Economic interdependence. Reliance on foreign aid, trade and investment forces states to accept external conditions.
6. Powerful pressure and interest groups. Trade unions, religious bodies and multinational corporations can compel government to modify its policies.
7. Federalism and separation of powers. The division of power among levels and organs of government limits the exercise of supreme authority.
8. Custom, tradition and morality. Established customs and the moral values of society restrain the state from making certain laws.