(a) (i) What is incubation in poultry production? (2 marks) (ii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of natural incubation. (4 marks) (b) List four f...
Question 1 Report
(a) (i) What is incubation in poultry production? (2 marks) (ii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of natural incubation. (4 marks)
(b) List four factors that affect pasture establishment in West Africa. (4 marks)
(c) In a tabular form, state the causal organism and two symptoms of each of the following diseases of farm animals: (i) Brucellosis. (ii) Newscatle. (6 marks) .
Answer Details
(a)(i) Incubation in poultry production [2 marks]
Incubation is the process of applying the correct warmth (heat), humidity and turning to fertile eggs for the period (about 21 days in the fowl) needed for the embryo to develop and hatch into a chick.
(a)(ii) Natural incubation: two advantages and two disadvantages [4 marks]
Advantages:
- It is cheap and needs no equipment or electricity.
- The mother hen provides warmth, turning and brooding, and cares for the chicks after hatching.
Disadvantages:
- Only a few eggs can be hatched at a time (limited number).
- The hen stops laying while brooding, and hatching cannot be planned/controlled; diseases and parasites may also be passed to the chicks.
(b) Four factors that affect pasture establishment in West Africa [4 marks]
- Rainfall/moisture availability.
- Soil type and fertility.
- Type/quality of seed and species of forage used.
- Method of land preparation and control of weeds, pests and bush fires (and grazing pressure).
(c) Causal organisms and symptoms of the diseases [6 marks]
| Disease | Causal organism | Two symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| (i) Brucellosis | Bacterium, Brucella species (Brucella abortus). | Abortion (premature birth) in pregnant animals; retained placenta and swollen joints/reduced fertility. |
| (ii) Newcastle disease | A virus (Newcastle disease virus). | Difficult/gasping breathing with nasal discharge; twisting of the neck (nervous signs), greenish diarrhoea and drop in egg production. |
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