(a) Copy and complete the table below
| Disease |
one effect |
one remedy |
| kidney stones |
|
|
| Nephritis |
|
|
| Diuresis |
|
|
(b) Make a labelled diagram of the carbon cycle.
(c)(i) What is Estuarine habitat?
(ii) Construct a food chain typical of an Estuarine habitat.
(d)(i) Name two diseases that can attack plant crops.
(ii) State three ways of controlling plant diseases.
(e) State four functions of a public health authority
(f) State four ways of maintaining food hygiene in the community.
(a) Completed table
| Disease | One effect | One remedy |
|---|
| Kidney stones | Blockage of the urinary tract causing severe pain and difficulty in passing urine | Drink plenty of water; remove the stones by surgery or lithotripsy |
| Nephritis | Inflammation of the kidney (nephrons) which impairs filtration, so protein and blood appear in the urine | Treat with antibiotics and rest; use dialysis and a low-salt diet in severe cases |
| Diuresis | Excessive and frequent production of urine, leading to loss of water and dehydration | Treat the underlying cause (e.g. control diabetes); reduce intake of diuretics and take prescribed medication |
(b) Diagram of the carbon cycle
Draw a labelled cycle showing: carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; uptake of CO2 by green plants in photosynthesis; passage of carbon compounds to animals through feeding; return of CO2 to the air through the respiration of plants and animals; release of CO2 through the decay/decomposition of dead plants and animals by micro-organisms; and release of CO2 through the combustion (burning) of wood and fossil fuels.
(c)(i) Estuarine habitat
An estuarine habitat is the region where a river meets the sea, containing brackish water (a mixture of fresh water and salt water) whose salinity rises and falls with the tides.
(c)(ii) A food chain typical of an estuary
Phytoplankton (diatoms) → zooplankton → small fish (mullet) → large fish / heron.
(d)(i) Two diseases that attack crops: cassava mosaic disease and rice blast (leaf spot and rust are also acceptable).
(d)(ii) Three ways of controlling plant diseases: use disease-resistant varieties; spray with the correct fungicide/pesticide; practise crop rotation; remove and burn infected plants.
(e) Four functions of a public health authority
- Provide clean, safe drinking water for the community.
- Organise proper disposal of refuse and sewage.
- Carry out immunisation and control the spread of diseases.
- Give health education and inspect food and food premises.
(f) Four ways of maintaining food hygiene in the community
- Wash the hands with soap before handling or eating food.
- Cover food to protect it from flies and dust.
- Cook food thoroughly and store or refrigerate it properly.
- Use clean water and clean utensils in preparing food.
(a) Completed table
| Disease | One effect | One remedy |
|---|
| Kidney stones | Blockage of the urinary tract causing severe pain and difficulty in passing urine | Drink plenty of water; remove the stones by surgery or lithotripsy |
| Nephritis | Inflammation of the kidney (nephrons) which impairs filtration, so protein and blood appear in the urine | Treat with antibiotics and rest; use dialysis and a low-salt diet in severe cases |
| Diuresis | Excessive and frequent production of urine, leading to loss of water and dehydration | Treat the underlying cause (e.g. control diabetes); reduce intake of diuretics and take prescribed medication |
(b) Diagram of the carbon cycle
Draw a labelled cycle showing: carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; uptake of CO2 by green plants in photosynthesis; passage of carbon compounds to animals through feeding; return of CO2 to the air through the respiration of plants and animals; release of CO2 through the decay/decomposition of dead plants and animals by micro-organisms; and release of CO2 through the combustion (burning) of wood and fossil fuels.
(c)(i) Estuarine habitat
An estuarine habitat is the region where a river meets the sea, containing brackish water (a mixture of fresh water and salt water) whose salinity rises and falls with the tides.
(c)(ii) A food chain typical of an estuary
Phytoplankton (diatoms) → zooplankton → small fish (mullet) → large fish / heron.
(d)(i) Two diseases that attack crops: cassava mosaic disease and rice blast (leaf spot and rust are also acceptable).
(d)(ii) Three ways of controlling plant diseases: use disease-resistant varieties; spray with the correct fungicide/pesticide; practise crop rotation; remove and burn infected plants.
(e) Four functions of a public health authority
- Provide clean, safe drinking water for the community.
- Organise proper disposal of refuse and sewage.
- Carry out immunisation and control the spread of diseases.
- Give health education and inspect food and food premises.
(f) Four ways of maintaining food hygiene in the community
- Wash the hands with soap before handling or eating food.
- Cover food to protect it from flies and dust.
- Cook food thoroughly and store or refrigerate it properly.
- Use clean water and clean utensils in preparing food.
