(a) On an outline map of Africa, locate and name (i) two areas important for fruit farming (ii) two areas important for irrigation agriculture (iii) one imp...

(a) Outline map of Africa

• (i) Two areas important for fruit farming: the Mediterranean coastlands of North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia - citrus, grapes, olives) and the south-western Cape region of South Africa (grapes, citrus, deciduous fruits). (The Nile Delta and the Kenya highlands are also acceptable.)
• (ii) Two areas important for irrigation agriculture: the Nile Valley and Delta in Egypt/Sudan and the Gezira scheme between the Blue and White Nile (Sudan). (The inland Niger delta in Mali is also acceptable.)
• (iii) One important town in each area: for fruit farming - Cape Town (or Casablanca); for irrigation - Cairo (or Wad Medani for the Gezira).

Label the coastline, the Nile, and a key distinguishing fruit-farming from irrigation areas.

(b) Three problems facing the cultivation of fruits in the area selected (e.g. the Cape/Mediterranean fruit belt)

• Water shortage and summer drought: the dry, hot summers mean fruit trees need costly irrigation, and water can be scarce.
• Pests and diseases: insects, fungi and plant diseases attack the fruits, lowering yield and quality unless expensive spraying is done.
• Perishability, storage and transport problems: fruits spoil quickly, so poor storage, refrigeration and transport lead to heavy losses before they reach distant markets.
• Marketing and price fluctuations: competition and unstable world prices reduce farmers' incomes; frost and strong winds can also damage crops.