(a) List: (i) three factors that influence weathering; (ii) two effects of landslides. (b) Describe the following processes of weathering: (i) exfoliation; ...

(a)

(i) Three factors that influence weathering are:

1. Climate - the type and amount of precipitation, temperature, and wind affect the rate and type of weathering.
2. Rock type - some rocks are more resistant to weathering than others due to their mineral composition and structure.
3. Vegetation - plants can affect weathering by their roots breaking apart rocks and by producing organic acids that dissolve minerals.

(ii) Two effects of landslides are:

1. Destruction of property and infrastructure - landslides can cause extensive damage to homes, roads, and other structures in their path.
2. Loss of life - landslides can be deadly, particularly if they occur in densely populated areas.

(b)

(i) Exfoliation is a process of mechanical weathering where rock layers peel away from each other due to the release of pressure. This process is common in areas with a large daily temperature range, such as deserts, where the rocks expand and contract due to temperature changes. Over time, this expansion and contraction can cause the outer layers of rock to crack and flake off, leaving behind smooth, rounded boulders and rock formations.

(ii) Frost action, also known as freeze-thaw weathering, is a process of mechanical weathering where water seeps into cracks in rocks and then freezes. When water freezes, it expands, putting pressure on the rock and causing it to crack. Over time, repeated cycles of freezing and thawing can cause the rock to break apart into smaller pieces. Frost action is particularly effective in regions with frequent freeze-thaw cycles, such as mountainous areas and regions with a temperate climate.