[Listening extract audio not available in printed QP. Skeleton score in Insert.] (a) What is the ornament at X, where a small note is played before the main...

(a) The correct answer is an appoggiatura. [1]

An appoggiatura is a type of ornament in which a small grace note is played before the main note, "leaning" into it. The appoggiatura typically falls on the beat and takes a significant portion of the main note's time value (usually half), creating a dissonance that resolves stepwise onto the main note. This gives the ornament an expressive, "sighing" quality. The term comes from the Italian appoggiare, meaning "to lean." In the score, it appears as a small note (marked X) connected to the main note, indicating that the performer should play the small note on the beat before resolving to the written pitch. The appoggiatura was one of the most emotionally expressive ornaments in Baroque music.

(b) The correct answer is a turn. [1]

A turn is an ornament consisting of four notes that "turn" around the main note: the note above, the main note, the note below, and back to the main note. The symbol for a turn resembles a sideways "S" or a figure resembling a wave placed above the note (marked Y in the score). Turns add a graceful, flowing decoration to the melody and were commonly used in both Baroque and Classical music. They can be performed on the beat or between beats depending on the musical context and the composer's intention.