[Listening extract audio not available in printed QP. Skeleton score in Insert.] (a) What is the ornament marked 'tr' above the third note. [1] (b) What is ...

(a) The correct answer is a trill. [1]

A trill is a Baroque ornament marked "tr" above a note. It consists of the rapid alternation between the written note and the note above it (usually the note a step higher in the prevailing key). In Baroque performance practice, trills typically begin on the upper note, though this can vary by context and national style. Trills add brilliance and expressiveness to a melodic line and were one of the most commonly used ornaments in Baroque music.

(b) The correct answer is a mordent (also acceptable: upper mordent). [1]

A mordent is a rapid ornament involving the main note, the note above (upper mordent) or below (lower mordent), and a return to the main note. It is briefer than a trill, consisting of only a single alternation. The wavy symbol with vertical lines shown above the fifth note in the score is the standard notation for a mordent. This ornament adds a quick decorative "bite" to the note, and was widely used in Baroque keyboard and string music.

(c) The correct answer is continuo (also called basso continuo). [1]

The continuo is the small accompanying group that provides the harmonic foundation in Baroque music. It typically consists of a bass instrument (such as a cello, bass viol, or bassoon) playing the bass line, and a chordal instrument (such as a harpsichord or organ) filling in the harmonies indicated by figured bass numbers written beneath the bass notes. The continuo plays throughout a Baroque piece, providing continuous harmonic support for the soloists and other instruments. It is one of the most distinctive features of the Baroque style.

(d) The correct answer is ritornello. [1]

In a Baroque concerto, the ritornello is the opening orchestral passage (played by the tutti or ripieno) that returns several times throughout the movement, often in different keys. Between each ritornello statement, the soloist plays contrasting episodes that are typically more virtuosic and elaborate. The ritornello acts as a structural anchor: its recurring appearances in various keys give the movement unity and coherence, while the solo episodes provide contrast and development. This alternating structure is called ritornello form and was perfected by composers such as Vivaldi.