WAEC SSCE - Government - 1988

A political concept that is composed of the attitudes beliefs, emotions and values of a society is called political

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The political concept that is composed of the attitudes, beliefs, emotions, and values of a society is called political culture. This refers to the shared set of ideas and values that shape the behavior and actions of individuals and groups within a political system. Political culture encompasses a wide range of beliefs and attitudes, including those related to democracy, individual rights, political participation, and the role of government in society. Political culture is shaped by a variety of factors, including historical experiences, social and economic conditions, and cultural traditions. It is also influenced by the actions of political leaders and institutions, as well as by the media and other forms of communication. Understanding a society's political culture is important for understanding its political behavior and decision-making processes. It can also help to explain why some policies and practices are more or less accepted in different societies. By examining the political culture of a society, political scientists and policymakers can gain insights into the underlying values and beliefs that shape political behavior and attitudes.

The following factors favoured the introduction of a indirect Rule in Nigeria except the

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Under what system of government does the states require ownership and control of the means of production for its use in benefiting the population?

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The system of government that requires ownership and control of the means of production for the benefit of the population is socialism. Under socialism, the means of production, such as factories, land, and resources, are owned and controlled by the state or by the people collectively. This is done in order to ensure that the wealth generated from these resources is distributed fairly and equitably among the population, rather than being concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or corporations. In a socialist system, the state may also provide various social services, such as healthcare and education, to ensure that everyone has access to basic needs.

It is argued that most of the new states of Africa cannot remain faithful to the doctrines of non-alignment mainly because of

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Nigeria became a federation of 19 state in

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Nigeria became a federation of 19 states in 1976. This occurred during the military regime of General Murtala Mohammed, who initiated the creation of additional states to improve administrative efficiency and foster development across different regions. The new states were part of an effort to address regional disparities and enhance governance.

This reorganization increased the number of states from 12 to 19.

A rigid constitution is said to be best suited for a

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A rigid constitution is said to be best suited for a federal government. A federal government is a system of government in which power is shared between a central authority and constituent political units such as states or provinces. A rigid constitution is one that is difficult to amend and requires a special procedure to be followed before any changes can be made to it. In a federal system of government, it is essential to have a rigid constitution to define the powers and responsibilities of the central and state governments. This helps to prevent any one level of government from becoming too powerful and also ensures that the federal system remains stable over time. In contrast, a unitary government, socialist government, military government, or fascist government may not require a rigid constitution as power is more centralized and may not need the same level of checks and balances to prevent abuse of power.

Nigeria objected to the discussion of the civil war in the OAU summit on the grounds that

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Which of the following is not a function of a party secretariat?

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The function of a party secretariat is to manage the day-to-day operations of the party and to support the party leadership in achieving the party's objectives. This includes organizing party conferences, planning party strategy to win elections, and handling publicity for the party. The party secretariat is also responsible for publishing the party's manifesto, which outlines the party's policies and programs. However, the election of the party leader is not a function of the party secretariat. The party leader is usually elected by the party members through a democratic process such as a party convention or primary election. Therefore, "Electing the leader of the party" is not a function of a party secretariat.

Unwritten constitution means that the constitution is

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Flexible constitution is advantageous because it

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A flexible constitution is advantageous because it can cope with changing circumstances and can be easily amended to adapt to new situations. This means that the constitution can be modified in response to social, political or economic changes, without the need for a major overhaul of the entire document. This helps to prevent the passing of hasty bills by the legislature, as the constitution can be adjusted to meet the changing needs of society. It also allows for continuity, as it ensures that the constitution remains relevant and up-to-date. Additionally, during times of emergency, the flexible constitution allows for quick decision-making to address the situation.

It is the duty of a government to perform all the following functions except

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It is not the duty of a government to provide all the needs of its citizens. While governments have a responsibility to ensure the welfare and security of their citizens, it is not feasible for any government to provide all the needs of its citizens. Providing for all the needs of citizens would require unlimited resources and would not be sustainable in the long term. The duties of a government include preventing internal disorder, ensuring the security of life and property, providing basic welfare services, promoting industrial and commercial development, and creating a stable economic environment. These duties are essential to maintaining a functioning society and improving the standard of living of its citizens. Preventing internal disorder is important for maintaining law and order within a society, and ensuring the security of life and property is important for protecting the rights and safety of citizens. Providing basic welfare services such as education, healthcare, and social assistance programs helps to address the basic needs of citizens and promote social equality. Promoting industrial and commercial development and creating a stable economic environment helps to create job opportunities, increase productivity, and improve the standard of living of citizens. In summary, it is not the duty of a government to provide all the needs of its citizens, but it is responsible for ensuring internal order, security, basic welfare services, and promoting economic development.

Which of the following concepts is out of place?

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The concept that is out of place among the options given is welfarism. Fascism, totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and dictatorship are all political ideologies that involve centralized and often oppressive government control. Fascism is a far-right ideology that seeks to unify a nation under a single authoritarian government, often through the use of force. Totalitarianism is a system of government that seeks complete control over all aspects of society, often through propaganda, censorship, and surveillance. Authoritarianism is a form of government that places a strong emphasis on obedience and discipline, often through the use of force. Dictatorship is a form of government where a single leader holds complete power. In contrast, welfarism is not a political ideology, but rather an approach to government that emphasizes the well-being of citizens and seeks to provide them with social welfare services and benefits. While welfarism can exist within different types of government, including democratic and socialist systems, it is not a distinct political ideology like fascism, totalitarianism, authoritarianism, or dictatorship.

The Armed Forces Ruling Council came into existence under the

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The Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) came into existence during the Babangida Administration in Nigeria. The AFRC was a military junta that took control of the country after the overthrow of the civilian government in a coup. The council was made up of military officers who were appointed by the head of state, and they ruled the country by decree. The AFRC lasted from 1985 to 1993 and oversaw the transition from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria.

A state is a special from of human association because it

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A state is a special form of human association because it has a government, which is a central authority that exercises control over its citizens and territory. This government has the power to make and enforce laws, maintain order, protect the rights of citizens, and provide essential services. The state also has a monopoly on the use of force and can use it to punish lawbreakers. The legitimacy of the state comes from its ability to provide stability, security, and protection to its citizens, and its authority is recognized and accepted by the people. The existence of a constitution approved by the citizens is important, but it is not the only defining characteristic of a state.

The use of forced labour was one of the features of

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Which of the following is not a specialized agency of the United Nations Organization?

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The General Assembly is not a specialized agency of the United Nations Organization. The United Nations (UN) is made up of various bodies, including specialized agencies that focus on specific issues. These specialized agencies are autonomous organizations that work with the UN to achieve its goals. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) are all specialized agencies of the UN. However, the General Assembly is a principal organ of the UN, which is made up of all member states and serves as a forum for member states to discuss and coordinate on international issues.

Military governors were members of the Supreme Military Council under the

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Military governors were members of the Supreme Military Council under the Yakubu Gowon Regime. The Supreme Military Council was the highest decision-making body of the military government in Nigeria during the Gowon regime. The military governors were appointed to head the various states created by the government as part of its efforts to restructure the country into a federation. The military governors were responsible for the day-to-day administration of their states, but they had to report to the Supreme Military Council on major policy issues.

Which of the following is not an accepted way of resolving international conflict?

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Nuclear war is not an accepted way of resolving international conflict. Nuclear war is a catastrophic and destructive means of resolving conflicts between nations that leads to immense loss of human lives, destruction of infrastructure, and long-term environmental consequences. The use of nuclear weapons is considered a last resort and is prohibited by international law. The accepted ways of resolving international conflicts are diplomacy, non-military use of force, and war as a last resort. Diplomacy involves peaceful negotiations and discussions between nations to reach an agreement on contentious issues. Non-military use of force involves the use of economic sanctions or political pressure to influence the behavior of other nations. War, while not an ideal solution, may be necessary as a last resort when all other peaceful means have been exhausted. Propaganda, while often used in international relations, is not an accepted way of resolving international conflicts as it involves the dissemination of biased or misleading information to influence public opinion or sway the views of other nations. In summary, nuclear war is not an accepted way of resolving international conflict, and diplomacy, non-military use of force, and war as a last resort are the accepted means of resolving international conflicts.

The delegation of Administrative Powers to the local units with the central supervision and control is called

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A popular form of proportional representation is

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The popular form of proportional representation is the single transferable vote. In this system, voters rank candidates in order of preference, and seats are allocated based on the total number of votes received by each candidate. The system ensures that every vote counts and reduces the risk of wasted votes. It also promotes diversity and representation of minority groups in the government. However, it can be complicated and may require voters to have a good understanding of the candidates and their policies. Additionally, the counting process can be time-consuming, which may delay the announcement of election results.

The question of Nigeria civil war was raised for the first time at the meeting of the OAU in September 1967 in

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Which one of the following countries has an unwritten constitution?

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The country that has an unwritten constitution is Great Britain. The UK's constitution is not contained in a single written document, but rather is made up of various sources, including statutes, judicial decisions, and conventions. The UK's constitution is known as an unwritten constitution because it does not exist in a single document, like the United States Constitution or the French Constitution. Instead, it is made up of a collection of legal documents, court decisions, and conventions that have evolved over time. Some of the key elements of the UK's unwritten constitution include the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, and the Parliament Acts. These documents, along with other legal decisions and conventions, set out the structure and functions of the government, including the roles of the monarch, the Prime Minister, and Parliament. Despite not having a single written document, the UK's constitution is still considered to be a strong and effective system of government that has stood the test of time.

The membership of the state in Nigeria is made up of

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The membership of a state in Nigeria is made up of the state governor and other government officials appointed or elected to serve in the state government. This includes state commissioners, who are appointed to head various ministries, and other state officials who are responsible for carrying out the day-to-day functions of the state government. In addition to these government officials, the membership of a state in Nigeria also includes traditional chiefs and leaders who have an important role in local governance and decision-making. Traditional chiefs are appointed or elected by the local communities and are responsible for maintaining social order, resolving disputes, and representing the interests of their communities to the state government. Overall, the membership of a state in Nigeria is made up of a combination of elected and appointed officials, as well as traditional leaders, who work together to govern the state and serve the interests of its people.

Rule adjudication is the main function of the

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Rule adjudication is the main function of the Judiciary. The Judiciary is the branch of government that interprets and applies the law. It is responsible for settling disputes between individuals, organizations, and the government. The Judiciary ensures that the rule of law is upheld and that justice is administered fairly and impartially. Its main function is to provide a forum for the resolution of disputes, to interpret the law and to ensure that justice is served.

To which of these countries did Nigeria send peacekeeping force?

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Nigeria sent peacekeeping forces to several countries, but the question asks for only one of them. Therefore, the answer is: Nigeria sent peacekeeping forces to Chad. Chad is a neighboring country to Nigeria and the peacekeeping mission was in response to the Chadian-Libyan conflict in the 1980s. Nigeria led the multinational force that included troops from other African countries such as Senegal, Sudan, and Egypt. The mission was to prevent the conflict from spilling over to other countries in the region and to ensure stability in Chad. The peacekeeping mission was considered a success, and Nigeria received praise for its leadership and contribution to peacekeeping efforts in Africa.

Another word for red-tapism is

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Another word for red-tapism is bureaucracy. Bureaucracy refers to a system of government or organization that is characterized by a hierarchical structure, a set of rules and regulations, and a lot of paperwork. Red-tapism, on the other hand, refers to excessive bureaucracy or the over-regulation of processes, resulting in delays, inefficiencies, and frustration. Red-tapism is often associated with a lack of flexibility, innovation, and customer service. It can be found in government agencies, large corporations, and other organizations that have complex structures and procedures. While democracy, autocracy, idiosyncrasy, and theocracy are all different forms of government, they are not synonyms for red-tapism.

The French policy of Assimilation

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The French policy of Assimilation was an approach to colonialism that aimed at turning the colonies into extensions of France. It was based on the idea of "French civilization" being superior and the belief that Africans could be assimilated into French culture. The policy focused on education, with the goal of producing a class of Africans who would adopt French language, customs, and values, and see themselves as French. The ultimate aim was to turn African colonies into French départements, with full political and social integration into the French Republic. Unlike the British policy of Indirect Rule, the French policy of Assimilation sought to directly rule over the colonies. The policy was controversial and met with resistance, particularly in North and West Africa, but it did produce a small number of educated African elites who later played significant roles in African nationalism and independence movements.

The psychological support a regime gets from its citizens if they believe the regime is right and ought to be obeyed, is known as

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The psychological support a regime gets from its citizens if they believe the regime is right and ought to be obeyed is known as legitimacy. Legitimacy refers to the degree to which a government is accepted by its citizens as having the right to exercise political power. When citizens believe that the government has the legitimate right to rule, they are more likely to obey laws and cooperate with government policies. Legitimacy can be based on a number of factors, such as historical tradition, legal authority, and popular consent. A government that lacks legitimacy may face challenges to its authority, including protests, civil unrest, and even rebellion.

Residual powers under the Nigerian Independence Constitution were the powers exercised by

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The state is different from the government because

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The state and the government are different because the state is permanent while the government is temporary. The government is made up of elected or appointed officials who are in power for a limited time, while the state refers to the political entity that governs a specific geographical territory and its people. Additionally, the state is not created by God but is established by people, and while the government has power, it is not absolute, as it is limited by the law and constitution of the state.

The creation of the office of the Prime Minister in Nigeria was accomplished in

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Government as the act of governing means the

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The act of governing refers to the activities by which government policies are made and implemented. It involves the exercise of political authority to manage and regulate the affairs of a community or society, including decision-making, policy formulation, and policy implementation. The act of governing is carried out by the executive branch of government, which is responsible for administering the policies and laws passed by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. It is an essential function of government that ensures the maintenance of law and order, the provision of public services, and the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens.

The primary objective of all political parties is to

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The first political party in Nigeria was

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The first political party in Nigeria was the Nigeria National Democratic Party (NNDP). The NNDP was formed in 1923 by Herbert Macaulay, who is considered the founder of Nigerian nationalism. The party represented the interests of the educated elites in Lagos and other parts of the country. It was based on the principles of liberalism and aimed to promote democracy and self-government for Nigeria. The NNDP was the dominant political party in Nigeria in the 1950s, and it played a significant role in the country's struggle for independence from British colonial rule.

Which of the following is not an aim of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)?

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The voluntary activities of members of a society in the selection of rulers is known as

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The voluntary activities of members of a society in the selection of rulers is known as political participation. It refers to the involvement of individuals or groups in the political process, including activities such as voting, attending political rallies, donating money to political campaigns, and running for political office. Political participation is an important aspect of a democratic society, as it allows citizens to have a say in how they are governed and ensures that their voices are heard. By participating in the political process, individuals can help to shape policies and decisions that affect their lives and communities.

Which of the following is not the function of the government?

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The function of the government is to manage and regulate the affairs of the state. While some functions of government may vary from country to country, some are generally agreed upon. These functions include building infrastructure like roads, bridges, canals, etc; providing education, maintaining relations with other states, defending the territory from external attack, and ensuring the welfare and security of its citizens. Therefore, providing all the material needs of all citizens is not a function of the government as it is practically impossible for any government to provide all the material needs of all citizens. While governments can provide some basic necessities like food, water, and shelter, citizens are responsible for their own personal material needs. Hence, "provision of all the material needs of all citizens" is not a function of the government.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is

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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is an economic association of fifteen countries located in West Africa. The organization was created to promote economic cooperation and integration among its member states. ECOWAS was established in 1975 with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos by fifteen West African countries. The organization's main objective is to promote economic growth and development in the region by creating a common market and removing trade barriers among member states. In addition to promoting economic integration, ECOWAS also works to promote political stability and security in the region. The organization has been involved in several peacekeeping missions in West Africa, including in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Cote d'Ivoire. ECOWAS has also established a number of institutions to support its work, including the ECOWAS Commission, the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development, and the West African Health Organization. These institutions work together to support economic growth and development in the region. Overall, the Economic Community of West African States is an important regional organization that plays a vital role in promoting economic integration, political stability, and social development in West Africa.

In the process of governing, OUTPUT refers to

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In the process of governing, OUTPUT refers to the decisions and actions taken by the government in response to the demands of the political system, the opinion of the electorate, and the influence of pressure groups and political parties. In other words, the output is the end result of the government's decision-making process, which may include the implementation of policies, laws, and regulations aimed at addressing the needs and concerns of the population. It is the tangible outcome of the government's efforts to serve the public and improve the well-being of society as a whole. The output can be measured in terms of the effectiveness of the policies and programs implemented by the government, as well as the overall satisfaction of the population with the services and benefits provided by the government.

A flexible constitution can only be amended by

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A flexible constitution can only be amended by a simple majority vote in the legislature. In a flexible constitution, the procedures for amending the constitution are relatively easy and can be changed through a simple legislative process. This is in contrast to a rigid constitution, where the procedures for amending the constitution are much more difficult and require a special amendment process or even a constitutional convention. As a result, a flexible constitution can be easily adapted to changing circumstances, while a rigid constitution provides greater stability and security, but can be more difficult to change when necessary.

In the Oyo traditional political system the Alaafin of Oyo was elected or chosen by a group known as the

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In the Oyo traditional political system, the Alaafin of Oyo was chosen by a group known as the Oyomesi. The Oyomesi was a council of seven powerful chiefs in the Oyo Empire who had the authority to check the power of the Alaafin. They were responsible for ensuring that the Alaafin did not abuse his power or act against the interests of the people. The Oyomesi also had the power to remove the Alaafin if he was found guilty of any wrongdoing or if he was deemed unfit to rule.

In the federation, the purpose of enumerating the powers of the central government is to

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The purpose of enumerating the powers of the central government in a federation is to limit its powers against those of the units. This means that the central government is granted only certain specified powers, while the units retain all other powers not specifically granted to the central government. This serves as a check on the central government's power and helps to ensure that the units maintain a degree of autonomy and independence. By limiting the central government's powers, the constitution seeks to prevent it from becoming too dominant or oppressive over the units, thereby promoting a balanced and equitable distribution of power.

The first Military President of Nigeria is

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Government refers to all the following, except

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Government refers to an institution of the state that carries out the process of ruling a political community. It involves the exercise of power and authority to make decisions and implement policies that affect the citizens of the community. The government is responsible for maintaining law and order, protecting the rights and freedoms of its citizens, and promoting the general welfare of society. It consists of decision-makers, such as elected officials, bureaucrats, and judges, who work together to make laws and policies that shape the country's social, economic, and political landscape. Civil disobedience, on the other hand, is a form of protest that involves intentionally breaking a law or rule that is deemed unjust or unfair. It is an act of non-violent resistance that seeks to challenge the authority of the government and bring attention to a particular social or political issue. Therefore, civil disobedience is not part of the definition of government, as it refers to the opposition or defiance of the government's authority, rather than the exercise of power and authority by the government itself.

The United Nations organization (UNO)has its headquarters in

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The headquarters of the United Nations Organization (UNO) is located in New York City, USA. The UNO was established in 1945 after the end of World War II as an international organization dedicated to promoting peace, security, and cooperation among its member states. The UNO headquarters is situated on a complex of buildings in Manhattan, known as the United Nations Headquarters complex, which includes the iconic 39-floor Secretariat building, the General Assembly building, and several other structures. The complex sits on 18 acres of land overlooking the East River and is considered international territory, with its own police force and postal service. The UNO headquarters serves as a hub for the organization's activities and houses its administrative offices, as well as conference rooms and meeting spaces for its various bodies and committees. It is also a symbol of the world's collective efforts to maintain international peace and security and to promote social progress and human rights.

The highest court of appeal under the Republican Constitution of Nigeria was the

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The highest court of appeal under the Republican Constitution of Nigeria was the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court was established in 1963 under the Republican Constitution of Nigeria and it serves as the final court of appeal in the country's judicial system. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the Constitution and to decide cases that are appealed from lower courts. Its decisions are final and binding on all other courts in the country. The court is made up of a Chief Justice and a number of justices, who are appointed by the President of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council and with the approval of the Senate. The Supreme Court of Nigeria is an important institution in the country's democracy, as it plays a key role in ensuring that the rule of law is upheld and that justice is served. Its decisions have the power to shape the legal landscape of the country and to impact the lives of Nigerian citizens.

A Nigeria citizen can only be deprived of his citizenship if he is

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The following key factors which influenced Nigeria's foreign relations except

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The following independence of Nigeria was in 1945 with the coming to power in British of

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Federal Elections were held in Nigeria in

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Federal elections were held in Nigeria in 1954, 1959, 1964, 1979, and 1983. Nigeria gained its independence from British colonial rule on October 1, 1960, and the first federal elections were held in 1954, when Nigeria was still a British colony. The elections were held to elect members of the Legislative Council, which was the precursor to the Nigerian Parliament. After gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria continued to hold federal elections at intervals. The 1959 federal elections were the first held after Nigeria gained independence, and they were held to elect members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The 1964 federal elections were held to elect members of the House of Representatives and the Senate, as well as state governors and state legislators. The 1979 federal elections were the first to be held after a period of military rule in Nigeria, and they were held to elect a President and members of the National Assembly. The 1983 federal elections were held to elect a President and members of the National Assembly, as well as state governors and state legislators. In summary, federal elections were held in Nigeria in 1954, 1959, 1964, 1979, and 1983, at various intervals before and after Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule.

Which of the following is not relevant to communism?

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Private enterprise is not relevant to communism. Communism is a political and economic system based on the idea of collective ownership of property and the means of production. In a communist society, the government or the community as a whole owns and controls all property and resources, and the distribution of goods and services is based on the principle of "from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs." Democracy is not incompatible with communism, but in practice, communist regimes have often been characterized by authoritarianism and the suppression of political dissent. Violent revolution, class war, and Friedrich Engels are all closely associated with communism, as they reflect the Marxist theory of historical materialism and the struggle between the proletariat (working class) and the bourgeoisie (wealthy capitalist class) for control of the means of production. Private enterprise, however, is seen as a capitalist concept that is antithetical to the collective ownership and control that is central to communism.

The controversy over the 1979 Presidential election result was

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The major problem that arose from the 1979 election centred around the

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The two components of sovereignty are

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The two components of sovereignty are political independence and the supreme authority of the state within its territory. Political independence means that a state has the right to govern itself without external interference from other states. This includes the right to make its own laws, establish its own government, and conduct its own affairs without interference from other countries. The supreme authority of the state within its territory means that the state has the power to make and enforce laws within its own borders. This includes the power to maintain order and security, collect taxes, and provide services to its citizens. Together, political independence and the supreme authority of the state within its territory are the two components of sovereignty, which is the principle that a state has full and exclusive control over its own affairs without interference from external actors.

All the following were front line fighters for Nigeria's independence except

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Lateef Jakande was not a frontline fighter for Nigeria's independence. Explanation: Lateef Jakande was a prominent politician and journalist in Nigeria, but he was not actively involved in the struggle for Nigeria's independence. The other options listed - Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Aminu Kano, and Herbert Macaulay - were all notable leaders and activists who played significant roles in the fight for independence from British colonial rule.

The declaration of state of emergency in Western Nigeria was protected by the constitution of

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Nigeria broke diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973 because of Israeli

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The primary purpose of the state is to

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The primary purpose of the state is to establish a system of law and order. This means that the state is responsible for maintaining peace, security, and stability within its borders. The state achieves this by creating laws that regulate behavior, punishing those who break the law, and ensuring that everyone is protected from harm. A stable and peaceful environment is essential for economic growth and development, and it also enables people to enjoy their rights and freedoms. While the state may provide other services, such as education and healthcare, the primary responsibility of the state is to ensure law and order.

Define Republican form of government and state its essential characteristics. 
 

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None

Compare the judicial system of the pre-colonial Hausa/Fulani Society with that of the lgbo Society. 

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Examine the factors which contributed to the Action Group Crises of 1962. 
 

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Mention the aims of the Organisation of African Unity (O.A.U) and discuss some of its achievements. 
 

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What is a state? What characteristics must a state possess? 
 

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Account for the introduction of the Indirect Rule System in Nigeria, and its failure in some parts of the country. 

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 Discuss the functions of a modern legislature. 

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What is proportional representation? Discuss its merits and demerits. 
 

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None

What is Non-Alignment? Examine the advantages of the policy. 

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(a) What are the major differences between the civil service and public service?

(b) Discuss the main criticisms against the Nigerian civil service. 
 

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