WAEC SSCE - Civic Education - 2015

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The necessary factor for the successful application of the rule of law is the "political will to ensure that laws are obeyed". The rule of law is a fundamental principle that states that all individuals, institutions, and entities are subject to the law, including the government itself. It is essential for a stable and democratic society. For the rule of law to be effective, it requires the political will of the government to enforce laws and ensure that they are obeyed. This means that the government must create an environment where all citizens are equal before the law and have access to a fair and impartial justice system. In addition, the government must also be willing to hold its officials accountable for their actions, regardless of their position or status. This includes prosecuting individuals who violate the law, including those in positions of power. Therefore, while the other options mentioned - employment opportunities for all citizens, the fusion of the three arms of government, and the extension of the retirement age of judges - may have their own importance, the political will to ensure that laws are obeyed is crucial for the successful application of the rule of law. In summary, the necessary factor for the successful application of the rule of law is the political will of the government to enforce laws, ensure equal access to justice, and hold officials accountable for their actions.

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The idea that "Law should be impartial with the people who break it" implies the principle of equality before the law. This principle ensures that all individuals are treated equally under the law, regardless of their social status, wealth, or power. This means that no one is above the law and that everyone is subject to the same legal standards and penalties for breaking the law. The principle of equality before the law is a fundamental concept in a democratic society and is a cornerstone of the rule of law. It helps to ensure that individuals are protected from arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by those in positions of authority.

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The two forms of road signs are regulatory and informative. Regulatory signs are designed to give drivers specific instructions or prohibitions, such as speed limits, stop signs, or no parking zones. They help regulate traffic flow and ensure the safety of drivers, pedestrians, and other road users. Informative signs, on the other hand, provide drivers with information about the road ahead, such as upcoming exits, destinations, or distances. They may also provide guidance on services available, such as rest areas, fuel stations, or emergency services. These signs are designed to help drivers navigate the road network and plan their journey effectively.

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Justice demands that people should always do what is consistently necessary. This means that people should act in a manner that is fair, impartial, and in accordance with what is right and reasonable. It requires treating others with respect and dignity, regardless of their status, background or beliefs. Doing what is consistently necessary means acting with integrity, honesty and upholding the principles of law and order. It involves upholding the rights of individuals and society as a whole, and ensuring that all are treated equally under the law.

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The statement that best describes human trafficking is "buying and selling of humans for selfish purpose". Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to exploit people for labor or sexual purposes. It is a serious violation of human rights and is considered a form of modern-day slavery. The traffickers use deception or promises of a better life to lure victims into situations where they are forced to work in sweatshops, farms, or homes, or to engage in commercial sex acts. Victims of human trafficking are often vulnerable, such as women and children, migrants, or those living in poverty. They may be abducted or recruited under false pretenses, and then subjected to physical, psychological, and sexual abuse. They are often kept in isolation and are unable to leave their situation because of threats, violence, or debt bondage. Human trafficking is a global problem that affects millions of people around the world. It is a profitable industry, generating billions of dollars each year for the traffickers. Governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders work to combat human trafficking through prevention, protection, and prosecution efforts.

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A very important segment of the society which is distinct from government, business, and home is civil society. Civil society refers to a group of organizations and individuals that operate independently of the government and private business sectors. These organizations are typically non-governmental, non-profit, and voluntary in nature, and they work to promote the interests and well-being of citizens. Examples of civil society organizations include charities, advocacy groups, community-based organizations, trade unions, and religious groups. Civil society plays an important role in promoting democracy, social justice, and human rights, as well as providing services and support to marginalized or vulnerable groups. Civil society organizations can advocate for change, monitor government policies and actions, provide services to those in need, and facilitate dialogue and cooperation among different groups in society. They are an important voice for citizens, particularly those who may not have access to traditional channels of power and influence. In summary, civil society is an important segment of society that operates independently of government and business and plays a critical role in promoting the interests and well-being of citizens.

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An individual who finds it difficult to control the intake of drugs is known as an addict. Addiction is a chronic and compulsive disorder characterized by drug-seeking behavior, despite the harmful consequences. Addiction affects the brain, behavior, and physical health of an individual. Addicts experience a strong desire or craving to take drugs and may continue to use them even when they are aware of the negative effects. Over time, drug addiction can lead to a range of physical and mental health problems, including tolerance, withdrawal, and increased risk of overdose. Therefore, it is essential to seek help and treatment for addiction to prevent further harm to the individual's health and well-being.

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The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone document that sets out fundamental human rights that are to be universally protected. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly as a response to the atrocities committed during World War II, with the aim of promoting human rights, equality, and dignity for all people, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or nationality. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been translated into over 500 languages and has inspired numerous national and international laws, treaties, and conventions that promote and protect human rights around the world. It is considered a cornerstone of international human rights law and is widely recognized as a standard for all nations to follow in upholding human rights.

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The responsibility of empowering the youths in Kantoga Republic primarily rests with the national government. This is because the government has the power, resources, and mandate to create policies and programs that can address the challenges facing young people, such as unemployment and lack of access to capital for entrepreneurship. The government can establish skill acquisition programs, provide start-up funds for small-scale businesses, and create an enabling environment for youths to thrive and contribute to the development of the country. While religious organizations and universities can also play a role in empowering youths, they do not have the same level of authority and resources as the national government. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that youths are given the necessary support and opportunities to become productive members of society.

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Yes, democracy can promote national development through good governance. In a democratic system, leaders are elected by the people and are accountable to them. This accountability ensures that leaders prioritize the needs and interests of their citizens, leading to good governance. Good governance involves transparency, accountability, the rule of law, and citizen participation. These elements are crucial for promoting economic growth, social development, and political stability. In a democratic system, citizens have the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process through voting, protests, and public debates. This participation can lead to the promotion of culture and diversity, as citizens are encouraged to express their opinions and values. Moreover, democracy promotes a system of checks and balances, which ensures that leaders are held accountable for their actions. This accountability reduces the likelihood of corruption and abuse of power. In conclusion, democracy can promote national development through good governance, citizen participation, and accountability. It provides a platform for citizens to express their opinions, hold leaders accountable, and contribute to the development of their nation.

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Law and order can best be maintained in Nigeria through the enforcement of rules and regulations. Enforcing rules and regulations is the foundation of law and order, as it sets clear boundaries for what behavior is acceptable and what is not. When these boundaries are violated, there must be consequences for those responsible. By enforcing rules and regulations, the Nigerian government can ensure that all citizens, regardless of their status, are held accountable for their actions. This accountability sends a message that the government is serious about maintaining law and order, and that no one is above the law. Prohibiting public protest or using divide and rule policy can be counterproductive, as it can lead to more social unrest and mistrust in the government. On the other hand, promoting indigenization policy may be useful in promoting local business and economic growth, but it is not directly related to maintaining law and order. In conclusion, enforcing rules and regulations is the best way to maintain law and order in Nigeria. It promotes accountability, sets clear boundaries for behavior, and sends a message that the government is committed to maintaining order and protecting its citizens.

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The enabling environment created to help an individual have effective control of his/her situation is known as empowerment. Empowerment is a process of giving people the tools, resources, and support they need to take control of their lives and make decisions that affect them. It involves creating an enabling environment that allows individuals to exercise their rights, make choices, and take actions that promote their well-being. Empowerment can take many forms, such as education, skills training, access to information, financial resources, and social support. It is often used in the context of marginalized or disadvantaged groups who may face barriers to participating fully in society. Empowerment is important because it helps to build self-confidence and self-esteem, promotes independence and autonomy, and enables individuals to make positive changes in their lives. It also contributes to the overall development of communities and societies by increasing the participation and engagement of all members.

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Ade's action as shown in the dialogue is a demonstration of political apathy. He has lost interest in participating in the electoral process and believes that it would not yield any dividend of democracy. He is disillusioned with the political elites and their selfish interests. Apathy is a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern about politics and political activities. Ade's decision not to vote is a classic example of political apathy.

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From the write-up, the immediate measure that those in authority can take to empower the youths is to provide entrepreneurial training with adequate funds. This will equip the youths with the necessary skills to start their own businesses and become self-reliant, rather than resorting to criminal activities for survival. Providing start-up funds will also give the youths the necessary capital to establish and grow their businesses. This measure will help to reduce the incidence of political thuggery, rigging, and other electoral offences during elections.

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World AIDS Day is observed on 1st December every year. It is a day to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and to remember those who have died from the disease. This day is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV/AIDS, show their support for people living with HIV, and to remember those who have lost their lives to the disease. The first World AIDS Day was observed in 1988, and since then, it has been observed every year on December 1st.

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The term that describes the relationship between two or more people is "inter-personal relations". It refers to the association, connection, and affiliation between individuals or groups of people. Inter-personal relations may involve various aspects such as communication, cooperation, trust, respect, and understanding. These relationships can be formal or informal, short-term or long-term, positive or negative, and can be influenced by various factors such as culture, religion, and social status. Therefore, building and maintaining positive inter-personal relations is important in our personal and professional lives.

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The major civil society group that campaigned against military rule prior to the advent of the fourth republic in Nigeria is the Campaign for Democracy. This group was formed in 1992 and was made up of several activists and pro-democracy advocates who were committed to fighting for democracy and human rights in Nigeria. The Campaign for Democracy organized peaceful protests and demonstrations against military rule, and also engaged in advocacy and lobbying activities to put pressure on the government to transition to civilian rule. They were instrumental in pushing for the annulment of the 1993 presidential election, which is widely considered to be the freest and fairest election in Nigeria's history. Overall, the Campaign for Democracy played a significant role in the struggle for democracy in Nigeria and helped to pave the way for the eventual transition to civilian rule in 1999.

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Red-tapism is one of the shortcomings of the public service. Red-tapism refers to the excessive bureaucracy and administrative procedures that hinder the efficient delivery of services to the public. It involves excessive paperwork, delay in decision-making, and rigid adherence to rules and regulations. This can result in a lack of responsiveness to the needs of the public, inefficiency in the delivery of services, and frustration among both service providers and service recipients. Red-tapism is often seen as a barrier to innovation and progress in the public service.

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The diagram shows a situation where some candidates are copying answers from others while taking an exam, while some others are not. Based on this information, the following statement may be true: - "Their actions can also affect innocent candidates": This statement is true because if some candidates cheat and get a higher score than they would have otherwise, they may take up spots in colleges or jobs that could have gone to other candidates who didn't cheat but had similar or better scores. This can result in unfairness for the innocent candidates who may miss out on opportunities they deserved. To explain it further, cheating may give some candidates an unfair advantage and make it difficult for others who didn't cheat to compete on a level playing field. This can result in unfairness and inequality in the education or job market. Therefore, it's important to promote ethical behavior and prevent cheating in exams to ensure a fair and just system.

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From the dialogue, it can be inferred that failure to vote in an election would perpetuate irresponsible leadership. This is because the speaker Ade believes that the political elites are only concerned about their interests and that the election would not yield any dividend of democracy. However, Zubair believes that there are dedicated leaders who can change the political, economic, and social directions of their state. Therefore, if citizens fail to vote for the right candidates, they may end up with selfish politicians and irresponsible leadership.

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Orderliness in society is good mainly because it promotes peace and stability. When people in a society follow rules and regulations, and there is a general sense of organization and structure, it reduces chaos and confusion. This, in turn, leads to less conflict and more cooperation among individuals, groups, and institutions. A peaceful and stable society provides a conducive environment for economic growth, social development, and the general well-being of its citizens. It also helps to attract investment and other opportunities that can lead to employment for youths and reduce poverty. Therefore, orderliness is an essential aspect of a healthy and functioning society.

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A responsible parent is someone who takes care of their children by providing them with their basic needs, such as food, shelter, and education. They also make sure their children are safe, healthy, and happy. Responsible parents do not spoil their children just because they love them, but they provide guidance, set rules and boundaries, and teach their children important values and life skills. They work hard to earn a living to support their family, and they may seek help from others, but they do not rely solely on hired help to raise their children.

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The situation you are describing is called "accountability". Accountability means being responsible for your actions and decisions and being answerable to someone for them. In this case, the person is obliged to inform their superior about their decisions and actions so that the superior can exercise control and ensure that they are acting in the best interest of the organization. It is a way to ensure that everyone is following the rules and doing what they are supposed to be doing.

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Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of a shared national identity, culture, and history. It aims to promote national consciousness, which means the feeling of belonging and loyalty to one's own nation. Nationalism can help promote national integration and unity within a country, as it encourages people to come together and work towards a common goal. However, it does not necessarily promote secession or splitting up a country into smaller parts. In fact, nationalism often emphasizes the importance of preserving the territorial integrity of a nation-state. Therefore, the option that nationalism does not ensure is secession in a country. While nationalism can promote the idea of self-determination and independence, it generally does not support the breakup of a country.

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The function of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) that is not valid is "undertaking the registration of campaigns on drug trafficking." The NDLEA is a government agency in Nigeria responsible for controlling and regulating drug-related offenses, enforcing drug laws, arresting, investigating, and prosecuting drug traffickers, as well as carrying out enlightenment campaigns on drug trafficking to educate the public on the dangers and negative effects of drug abuse. However, registering campaigns on drug trafficking is not a function of the NDLEA. Instead, the agency focuses on preventing, detecting, and controlling the production, trafficking, abuse, and distribution of illicit drugs and psychotropic substances.

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The function not performed by the public service commission is "preparing the annual budget and assenting to it." The public service commission is responsible for the regulation and management of civil service appointments, promotions, and transfers. They also evaluate the performance of civil servants and advise the government on technical matters related to civil service. Additionally, they can organize enlightenment programs and training for the civil service. However, preparing and assenting to the annual budget is the responsibility of the executive and legislative arms of government.

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The ideology that aims at promoting national consciousness and identity is "nationalism". Nationalism is a belief or ideology that emphasizes the importance of national identity and unity. It seeks to promote a sense of pride and loyalty towards one's country and culture, and to create a strong sense of national unity among its citizens. Nationalism is often associated with the idea of a nation-state, where the political boundaries of a state coincide with the cultural and linguistic boundaries of a particular nation. It can also involve the desire for political independence and self-determination. Nationalism can be expressed in various ways, such as through the promotion of national symbols, traditions, and customs, and the celebration of national holidays and events. It can also involve the promotion of a common language and history, as well as the preservation of cultural heritage. In summary, nationalism is an ideology that seeks to promote national consciousness and identity, emphasizing the importance of a shared culture, history, and traditions among citizens. It aims to create a strong sense of national unity and pride, often associated with the idea of a nation-state.

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The factor that does not affect interpersonal relationship is "withdrawal". Interpersonal relationship refers to the social connection or interaction between two or more individuals. There are several factors that affect interpersonal relationships, such as communication, compatibility, and forgiveness. Communication is a crucial factor in any relationship, as it involves the exchange of information, ideas, and feelings between individuals. Good communication can help build trust, understanding, and intimacy in a relationship, while poor communication can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. Compatibility is another important factor in interpersonal relationships. It refers to the degree to which individuals share similar interests, values, and beliefs. When individuals have similar personalities, goals, and interests, it is easier for them to form a strong and lasting relationship. Forgiveness is also a critical factor in interpersonal relationships. It involves the ability to let go of past hurts and grievances and move forward in the relationship. Forgiveness can help repair damaged relationships and promote trust and respect between individuals. On the other hand, "withdrawal" refers to the act of pulling away from a relationship or avoiding social interactions with others. Withdrawal can be a symptom of social anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues. However, it is not a factor that affects interpersonal relationships positively or negatively. In summary, communication, compatibility, and forgiveness are factors that significantly affect interpersonal relationships, while withdrawal does not.

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The National Agency for the Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) was established in 1993. NAFDAC is a Nigerian government agency responsible for regulating and controlling the manufacture, importation, exportation, advertisement, distribution, sale, and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, and other related products. Its mandate is to safeguard public health by ensuring that only safe, efficacious, and high-quality products are available to the Nigerian public. NAFDAC was established as a result of the need to strengthen the regulatory framework for food and drug safety in Nigeria. The agency was created by an act of parliament in 1993, and it started operations in January 1994. Since its establishment, NAFDAC has played a critical role in ensuring that products in Nigeria meet the required standards for safety and quality. NAFDAC has developed various policies and programs to achieve its mandate, including product registration, inspection, laboratory testing, and public education. The agency also collaborates with other government agencies and stakeholders to improve the regulatory environment for food and drug safety in Nigeria.

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The stage of interpersonal relationships that is not included is "rejuvenation." The stages of interpersonal relationships are typically identified as the following: 1. Contact/Initiation: This stage involves the initial meeting and interaction between two people. 2. Continuation: This stage occurs when the individuals start to develop a closer relationship and continue to interact regularly. 3. Deterioration: This stage occurs when the relationship begins to break down due to conflicts or other issues. 4. Termination: This stage occurs when the relationship comes to an end, either by mutual agreement or because one person ends it. While rejuvenation is an important concept, it is not typically identified as a distinct stage of interpersonal relationships. Rather, it may be seen as a process that can occur during the continuation stage when two individuals work to renew their relationship and improve their connection.

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HIV/AIDS is generally described as terminal in nature because it is incurable. This means that there is no known cure for the virus and once someone is infected with HIV, the virus stays in their body for life. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help people living with HIV to manage the virus and live longer, healthier lives, it is not a cure. If left untreated, HIV can eventually lead to AIDS, which weakens the immune system and can lead to life-threatening infections and cancers.

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The National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP) is an initiative of the Federal Government of Nigeria. It was established in 2003 under the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Law Enforcement and Administration Act. NAPTIP is responsible for preventing, investigating, and prosecuting cases of human trafficking and other related offenses, as well as protecting victims and rehabilitating them. Its establishment reflects the government's commitment to addressing the menace of human trafficking and protecting the rights of vulnerable individuals.

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To avoid undue interference in the process of governance, there should be a clear cut separation of governmental power. This means that the different branches of government (such as the executive, legislative, and judiciary) should have their own distinct and independent roles and responsibilities, so that no one branch has too much power or influence over the others. This helps to ensure that there are checks and balances in place to prevent abuses of power and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. Proper fusion of governmental powers and functions or giving additional responsibility for local government council or more roles for traditional rulers in the governmental process may not necessarily address the issue of undue interference in governance.

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Cultism in tertiary institutions in Nigeria was originally introduced to fight colonialism and oppressive rules. During the 1950s and 1960s, when Nigeria was still under colonial rule, student groups formed secret societies to resist the oppressive policies of the colonial government and to promote Nigerian independence. However, over time, these groups became increasingly violent and turned into the cults we know today, characterized by violence, intimidation, and criminal activities. Nowadays, cultism in Nigerian tertiary institutions has little to do with fighting colonialism and is mostly associated with criminal and violent behavior.

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Political leaders can encourage citizens to perform their civic duties by inspiring hope and belief in the democratic process, and by demonstrating their commitment to serving the people. They can do this by fulfilling their electoral promises, providing good governance, and ensuring accountability and transparency in the political process. By doing so, citizens will be more likely to participate in elections and other civic activities, knowing that their voices and votes will truly count in shaping the future of their country.

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Campus cults often target vulnerable individuals who are searching for a sense of belonging or looking for a way to improve their social status. This typically includes students from wealthy homes, students from influential families, and wayward or fun-loving students who are looking for excitement. However, bold and morally sound students are usually not the main targets for campus cult membership. These students often have a strong sense of identity and are less likely to be swayed by the promises of a cult. Additionally, they may have a strong support network of family and friends that provide them with the sense of belonging and acceptance that cults promise. Therefore, while campus cults may attempt to recruit bold and morally sound students, they are not typically the main targets.

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The category of Kantaguan youths that deserves to be effectively empowered are the unemployed youths and school drop-outs. The write-up states that most of the youths engaged in political thuggery and electoral offences are those who have no means of livelihood or are school dropouts. Therefore, providing entrepreneurial skill acquisition programmes and start-up funds for small-scale businesses can empower these youths and reduce the likelihood of their engagement in criminal activities. This will not only benefit the youths themselves but also contribute to the development of the nation as a whole.

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