WAEC SSCE - Geography - 2008

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The answer is atmosphere. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by gravity. It is made up of different gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. The atmosphere is important for supporting life on Earth, protecting us from harmful radiation, and helping to regulate the Earth's temperature.

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The answer is "ineffective publicity". This is because effective publicity is a key factor in promoting tourism and attracting tourists to a destination. The other options are favorable factors for tourism development in West Africa. Highlands, rocks and beaches provide scenic attractions, while abundant wildlife provides opportunities for nature-based tourism. Improved communication facilities facilitate the movement of tourists and provide access to information about tourist destinations. Therefore, ineffective publicity, which hinders the promotion and marketing of tourist destinations, is not a favorable factor for tourism development in West Africa.

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Dissolved fertilizers are water pollutants. When fertilizers are applied to land, some of the nutrients dissolve in rainwater and are carried into streams and other water bodies. The excess nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, can cause an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants, leading to a process called eutrophication. This process can reduce oxygen levels in the water, leading to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms. Aquatic animals, shrimps, and water plants are not necessarily water pollutants but are part of the aquatic ecosystem. However, their presence and abundance can be indicators of water quality and the health of the ecosystem.

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A place where water issues out from the ground naturally is called a spring. Springs are formed when groundwater flows to the surface through an opening in the ground. The water that emerges from a spring may be heated or cooled, and may contain minerals that have been dissolved from rocks and soil. Springs are important sources of fresh water for many communities, and they also provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals.

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The part of the earth where life exists is the biosphere. The biosphere is the portion of the Earth that supports life, including all living organisms and their interactions with each other and with the non-living parts of the Earth, such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. It includes all living things, from tiny bacteria to giant whales, and extends from the depths of the oceans to high in the atmosphere. The biosphere is where all the biological processes that sustain life occur, and it is essential to the survival of all living organisms.

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Mercury, the closest planet to the sun in our solar system, takes about 88 Earth days to complete one revolution or orbit around the sun. This means that it travels 88 days to make a full circle around the sun.

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The correct answer is "decreased production". Transportation plays a significant role in economic development through various means, such as the movement of people and goods, creating employment opportunities, opening up new markets, promoting international trade, and enhancing cultural and social exchanges. However, decreased production cannot be considered as a contribution of transportation to economic development as it is a negative impact on the economy. Transportation is intended to facilitate the movement of goods and people, which should lead to increased production, not decreased production.

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The region on the earth's surface popularly referred to as the land of midnight sun is the north of the Arctic Circle. This is because at latitudes north of the Arctic Circle (approximately 66.5 degrees north), there are periods of continuous daylight during the summer months. This occurs because the tilt of the Earth's axis means that the sun does not set below the horizon during this time. As a result, areas such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and parts of Russia, which are located north of the Arctic Circle, experience the "midnight sun" phenomenon during the summer solstice.

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Sedimentary rocks are usually **stratified**. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sedimentary materials such as minerals, organic matter, and rock fragments, which are then compacted and cemented together. These rocks are typically formed in layers or strata, with each layer representing a different period of deposition. The layers can often be seen as visible bands of different colors or textures, and they can provide important clues about the geological history of the area where they are found.

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The busiest and most important ocean route in the world is the North Atlantic. This is because it connects the major economic regions of North America and Europe, with large volumes of trade and commerce passing between them. Additionally, the North Atlantic is also an important route for travel and transportation, with numerous passenger liners and cargo ships plying its waters. The route is also important for military purposes, particularly during times of war or conflict, as it provides a strategic gateway between the two continents.

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Afforestation is not a possible cause of soil erosion. Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest, or stand of trees, in an area where there was no forest. It can actually help prevent soil erosion as the trees and their roots help to hold the soil in place, reducing the effects of wind and water erosion. On the other hand, deforestation, bush burning, and over-grazing are all known causes of soil erosion. Deforestation removes trees, which can lead to increased soil erosion from wind and water. Bush burning destroys vegetation cover and exposes the soil, making it more vulnerable to erosion. Over-grazing removes the vegetation cover and exposes the soil, making it more susceptible to erosion by wind and water.

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The description 'crescentic or moon-shaped and occurs transversely to the direction of the prevailing wind' refers to a barchan. A barchan is a type of sand dune that is crescent-shaped and has horns that point in the downwind direction. Barchans are formed by the action of wind, which blows sand particles across the desert floor and deposits them on the upwind side of the dune. As the sand accumulates, it forms the crescentic shape of the dune. Barchans migrate across the desert, with the horns pointing in the direction of the prevailing wind.

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A fold mountain is a type of mountain formed from the folding of rocks due to compressional forces in the Earth's crust. One of the features of a fold mountain is an anticline, which is an upward arching fold of rock layers, resembling an arch or a dome. This is in contrast to a syncline, which is a downward folding of rock layers. Anticlines and synclines can alternate in fold mountain chains, creating a series of peaks and valleys. Therefore, the correct option is "anticline."

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The correct answer is "earthquake". An earthquake is not a form of mass movement, it is a sudden shaking or trembling of the Earth's surface caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Mass movement, on the other hand, is the downward movement of soil, rock, or other debris under the influence of gravity. The other options - landslide, rockslide, and talus creep - are all forms of mass movement, where soil, rock, or other materials move down a slope due to gravity. Overall, mass movements can be caused by a variety of factors, including the angle of the slope, the type of material involved, the amount of water present, and the presence of vegetation or other stabilizing factors.

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The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that surrounds the Earth. It is an important resource for life on the planet. The gases in the atmosphere, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, are essential for supporting life. The atmosphere also plays a role in regulating the temperature and weather patterns on Earth. Rain and wind are two examples of the resources that the atmosphere provides. They are both important for shaping the landscape and providing water for plants and animals. Vegetation, on the other hand, is not a resource of the atmosphere but rather a part of the biosphere, which refers to all living organisms on Earth. Therefore, the correct answer is vegetation.

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Isotherm is a line on a map connecting points having the same temperature. Similarly, an isobar is a line on a map connecting points having the same atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is "isobar" because it is to pressure what isotherm is to temperature.

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When the moon comes in between the earth and the sun, a solar eclipse occurs. The moon blocks the light from the sun, casting a shadow on the earth. Solar eclipses can only occur during the new moon phase, when the moon is between the sun and the earth. The eclipse can be partial or total depending on the alignment of the sun, moon, and earth. During a total solar eclipse, the sun's outer atmosphere or corona is visible, and the sky becomes dark as if it were nighttime.

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The core of the Earth is a layer located at the center of the Earth. It is the innermost part and is made up of two parts, the inner core and the outer core. The inner core is solid while the outer core is liquid. Another name for the core of the Earth is barysphere. The term barysphere is derived from the Greek word 'barys' which means heavy. This is because the core is the heaviest part of the Earth and contains a large proportion of the Earth's total mass.

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Primary industries are those that are directly involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources from the environment. They include activities like farming, fishing, forestry, and mining. Out of the options given, processing is the only activity that does not belong to primary industries. Processing involves converting raw materials obtained from primary industries into finished or semi-finished products that can be sold to consumers. Therefore, processing is a secondary industry. So, the correct answer is: processing.

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The environmental hazards are the natural phenomena or human activities that cause harm to the environment and human health. Flooding and vulcanicity are environmental hazards because they can cause damage to property and life. Deforestation is also an environmental hazard because it can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and other negative impacts on the environment. However, afforestation is not an environmental hazard, as it refers to the process of planting trees and creating forests, which helps to mitigate the negative effects of deforestation and other environmental hazards. Therefore, the answer is "afforestation".

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Koppen used temperature and rainfall to classify the climates of the world.

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Population density is the number of people living in a particular area per unit of land area. To calculate the population density of a country, we divide the total population of the country by its land area. Population density = Total population / Land area In this question, the total land area of the country is given as 24,000 square kilometers and the population is 7,200,000. We can substitute these values in the above formula to find the population density. Population density = 7,200,000 / 24,000 Population density = 300 persons per km2 Therefore, the population density of the country is 300 persons per km2. The correct answer is: 300 persons per km2.

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A stalagmite differs from a stalactite in that a stalagmite starts from the floor of a cave while a stalactite starts from the roof of a cave. Therefore, the correct option is "starts from the floor of a cave". Stalagmites are formed by mineral deposits that accumulate on the floor of a cave over time, usually as a result of dripping water containing dissolved minerals. On the other hand, stalactites are formed by mineral deposits that accumulate on the roof of a cave and hang downward, also as a result of dripping water containing dissolved minerals.

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One of the major problems of manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa is inadequate raw materials. This means that manufacturing industries in this region often face a shortage of the necessary raw materials needed for production. This can be due to a number of factors, such as poor infrastructure, limited agricultural productivity, and a lack of investment in extractive industries. As a result, manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa often have to rely on imported raw materials, which can be expensive and further limit their ability to compete in the global marketplace.

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A relative humidity of 100 percent means that air is saturated. Relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of moisture in the air to the maximum amount of moisture that can be held at a given temperature. When the air is holding the maximum amount of moisture that it can hold, it is considered to be saturated. Therefore, a relative humidity of 100 percent indicates that the air is fully saturated with moisture, and any further addition of moisture would result in condensation, such as dew or fog.

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In the upper course of a river, one can find features such as waterfalls, rapids, V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, and gorges, which are usually narrow and steep-sided. An ox-bow lake, on the other hand, is typically found in the lower course of a river where the river meanders and bends. Cataracts, meanwhile, are found in rivers that flow through rocky areas and can be found in both the upper and lower courses. Therefore, the correct answer is "ox-bow lake."

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Savanna regions are characterized by long dry seasons, so trees in this region have adapted to survive these harsh conditions. The adaptation that is not listed among those that enable trees to survive the long dry season is "shallow roots." This is because shallow roots cannot access deep soil moisture during the dry season, making it difficult for the tree to survive. The other adaptations, such as long taproots, thick barks, and thin leaves, are all beneficial for the trees in the savanna region. Long taproots enable the trees to access deep soil moisture during the dry season, while thick barks protect the trees from fires that are common in savanna regions. Thin leaves reduce water loss through transpiration, which is important in a region where water is scarce.

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