JAMB UTME - Government - 1989

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Marx believed that societies progress through different stages of economic systems. According to him, the correct order in which societies progress is Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism. In the feudal system, the aristocracy owns land and the peasants work on it. In capitalism, the means of production are privately owned, and labor is purchased for wages. Socialism involves collective ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods based on need. Communism, in Marx's view, is the final stage of human history, where private property is abolished, and the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.

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The leader of the Northern People's Congress was Sir Ahmadu Bello. He was a Nigerian statesman who played a significant role in Nigeria's struggle for independence and was the first and only Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria. He was an advocate of regionalism and is widely regarded as one of Nigeria's founding fathers. Ahmadu Bello was assassinated in 1966 during a military coup that brought an end to Nigeria's First Republic.

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Capitalism is an economic system that emphasizes individualism. In a capitalist system, individuals have the freedom to own property, make their own economic decisions, and pursue their own self-interest. The market, driven by the interactions between buyers and sellers, determines prices and production decisions. Competition is a key feature of capitalism, as it is believed to encourage innovation and efficiency. While capitalism allows individuals to accumulate wealth and pursue their own goals, it can also lead to economic inequality and exploitation.

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The option that aroused and promoted nationalistic feeling among Nigerians is "economic exploitation, racial discrimination, and political parties." This is because economic exploitation and racial discrimination led to a sense of injustice and inequality among Nigerians, which fueled their desire for independence and self-governance. Political parties were also instrumental in mobilizing Nigerians to demand for their rights and participate in the struggle for independence. The nationalist movements, such as the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) and the Action Group (AG), were formed in response to the injustices and discrimination faced by Nigerians, and they played a significant role in the push for independence.

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Fascism is a system of government that discourages opposition and dissent. It emphasizes strong authoritarian leadership, nationalism, and often includes extreme measures to maintain control and suppress opposition, such as censorship and violence. Fascism often promotes the idea of national superiority and can lead to discrimination and mistreatment of minority groups.

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The Ombudsman is an institution that serves as an independent and impartial office to investigate complaints against government agencies and public officials. In Nigeria, this institution is known as the Public Complaints Commission. The Public Complaints Commission was established to investigate complaints lodged by citizens against administrative injustices, misuse of power, and abuse of office by public officials. The aim of the commission is to ensure that citizens are protected against arbitrary actions by the government and its officials, and to promote good governance and accountability.

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The major political parties in Nigeria during the first Republic were NPC (Northern People's Congress), NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) and AG (Action Group).

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Ghana and Mauritania belong to both ECOWAS and the UNO. ECOWAS is the Economic Community of West African States, while the UNO is the United Nations Organization. ECOWAS is a regional organization made up of 15 West African countries, including Ghana and Mauritania. The UNO is a global organization consisting of 193 member countries, including Ghana and Mauritania. Therefore, Ghana and Mauritania are the only option that fits the criteria given in the question.

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The Queen of England was the head of state of Nigeria before the country gained independence from Britain on October 1, 1960. However, Nigeria remained a member of the British Commonwealth with the Queen as its symbolic head. This changed when Nigeria adopted a new Republican Constitution in October 1963, which abolished the monarchy and established Nigeria as a republic with an elected President as its head of state. Therefore, the answer is "the adoption of the Republican Constitution in October 1963".

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The head of the Commonwealth of Nations is the Queen of Great Britain. She is the symbolic head of the Commonwealth, which is made up of 54 member countries that were formerly part of the British Empire. While the role of the Queen is mostly ceremonial, she plays an important role in promoting the Commonwealth's values of democracy, human rights, and economic development. The chairman of the Conference of the Commonwealth Heads of Government is a position that rotates among the member countries and is responsible for organizing the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. The prime minister of Great Britain is not the head of the Commonwealth, but is a member of the organization. The secretary-general of the Commonwealth is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the organization.

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In a federal system, the distribution of powers is such that certain issues are exclusively handled by the federal or central government, while others are reserved for the states. However, there are some issues that both the central government and state governments can exercise authority over, and these are known as concurrent issues. Therefore, an issue over which both the centre and the states can exercise authority in a federal system is called a concurrent issue.

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Igbo traditional system of government encouraged participation through town assembly. The town assembly was the highest decision-making body in Igbo communities, where all adult members were allowed to participate. The assembly served as a forum for debate, discussion, and decision-making on issues of common interest. Any member could bring up an issue for discussion, and decisions were reached through consensus, with the elders playing a significant role in facilitating the process. This participatory approach ensured that all members of the community had a say in the affairs of the town, promoting inclusiveness and accountability.

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A country made up of semi-autonomous units is a federation. In a federation, power is shared between the central government and the semi-autonomous units (such as states or provinces). The semi-autonomous units have some level of authority and independence in making decisions on matters that affect them, while the central government has the power to make decisions on matters that affect the country as a whole. The distribution of power and authority in a federation is usually defined in a written constitution, and there is a system of checks and balances to ensure that no level of government abuses its power.

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The obligation to pay taxes regularly is justified because citizens enjoy services provided by the government. Taxes are used to fund the government's activities such as building roads, schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure that citizens need. Additionally, taxes are also used to fund essential services such as police, military, and emergency services. Without taxes, the government would not be able to provide these services, and citizens would have to pay for them individually or go without them altogether. Therefore, the obligation to pay taxes is necessary to ensure that everyone contributes to the common good and benefits from the services provided by the government.

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Unicameralism refers to a system of government where the legislature has only one chamber or house. In other words, the legislative body of the government is composed of only one group of elected representatives who make and pass laws. This is in contrast to bicameralism, which involves having two separate legislative chambers or houses. The unicameral system is used in several countries, such as Sweden and New Zealand.

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The electoral system in which the candidate who receives the largest number of votes wins is called the "plurality system." In this system, voters only cast one vote for their preferred candidate, and the candidate who receives the most votes is declared the winner, even if they do not have an absolute majority of the votes. This system is also known as the "first-past-the-post" system, and it is commonly used in countries like the United States and the United Kingdom.

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The principle of separation of powers provides for checks and balances. This means that power is distributed among different branches of government, such as the legislative, executive, and judiciary, in such a way that each branch has a specific role to play and can check the power of the other branches. This ensures that no one branch becomes too powerful and that the government as a whole operates in a balanced and democratic manner. The advantage of this is that it helps to prevent abuses of power and promote accountability and transparency in government.

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Propaganda is a common means of influencing public opinion. Propaganda is a form of communication that aims to shape people's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors towards a particular idea, product, or political position. It can take many forms, such as posters, slogans, speeches, social media posts, and advertisements. Propaganda can be used to create a positive image of a particular person, product or policy, or to demonize a particular individual or group. It is often used by governments, political parties, and interest groups to influence public opinion and promote their agendas.

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The fundamental human rights of citizens are provided for in the 1979 constitution. This is the highest law of the land, which outlines the basic rights and freedoms that every citizen is entitled to, such as the right to life, liberty, and security of person, freedom of speech and expression, the right to a fair trial, freedom of religion, and the right to participate in government through voting and holding public office. The United Nations Charter and the OAU Charter also contain provisions for human rights, but these are more general and apply to member states as a whole rather than specifically to their citizens. The constitution of Amnesty International is an organizational document and does not have any legal standing with regards to human rights.

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Controlling the judiciary is NOT usually associated with the activities of political parties. Political parties are organizations that aim to influence and control government policies by representing the interests and values of their members and supporters. Political parties engage in various activities, including providing political education, selecting and supporting candidates for public office, and forming the government. However, controlling the judiciary is not a typical activity of political parties. The judiciary is meant to be an independent branch of government that is separate from the executive and legislative branches, and its members are expected to make decisions based on the law rather than political considerations. Therefore, political parties should not have any control over the judiciary.

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Public opinion refers to the collective views, beliefs, and attitudes expressed by a group of people or society on a particular issue or topic. It can be the views and ideas expressed by citizens about government policies, social issues, or any other matter of public concern. Public opinion can also be expressed by government officials or leaders who are accountable to the public, and who may take the opinions of the public into consideration when making decisions. However, public opinion is not just the opinion of the elites or a particular group, but rather the view of the general public. Therefore, the views expressed by students or any other group would be a part of public opinion only if they are representative of the larger society or community.

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The cabinet can be described as a link between the executive and legislature. In a parliamentary system of government, the cabinet is a body of senior government ministers who are appointed by the head of government (such as the prime minister) to advise and assist in the administration of the country. The cabinet members are drawn from the legislature, and they serve as a bridge between the executive and legislative branches of government by formulating policies and proposing legislation for consideration and approval by the legislature. Thus, the cabinet serves as a link between the executive and legislative branches of government.

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The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria was written and rigid. This means that the constitution was a written document that provided a clear and specific framework for the governance of Nigeria. It was also rigid in the sense that it could not be easily amended or changed, requiring a more complex process than a simple majority vote. The 1963 Constitution replaced the previous 1960 Constitution and provided for a federal system of government, with powers shared between the central government and the regional governments. It also established a parliamentary system of government, with a Prime Minister as the head of government and a ceremonial President as the head of state.

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The principle that does not govern Nigeria's foreign policy is international terrorism. Nigeria's foreign policy is guided by the principles of national interest, non-alignment, and African interest. Nigeria aims to promote its economic, political, and security interests through its foreign policy. The country also seeks to maintain good relations with other nations, especially African countries, and avoid alignment with any particular bloc or ideology. While Nigeria has been affected by international terrorism, it is not a guiding principle of its foreign policy.

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Southern Nigeria was divided into Eastern and Western Provinces for administrative purposes in 1939. This means that the British colonial government at the time decided to create two separate administrative regions in southern Nigeria - one in the east and one in the west - in order to better govern the area. This division was based on a number of factors, including cultural and linguistic differences, as well as geographic considerations. Ultimately, the creation of these two provinces helped to shape the political and economic landscape of Nigeria in the years leading up to its independence in 1960.

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The political neutrality of civil servants is guaranteed by not allowing them to engage in partisan politics. This means that civil servants cannot publicly support or work for any political party or candidate. They must remain impartial and serve the government of the day, regardless of their personal political beliefs. Civil servants are also not allowed to have dealings with politicians that could compromise their neutrality. This ensures that the civil service operates in a fair and unbiased manner, and that government policies and programs are implemented objectively and in the best interests of the public.

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The primary aim of political parties is to control political power. Political parties compete for the support of voters and seek to win elections in order to control the government and implement their policies and programmes. While political parties may have specific policies that appeal to certain groups of people, their ultimate goal is to gain power and govern. This is different from pressure groups, which may also seek to influence government decisions, but do not necessarily seek to control political power.

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In a modern democracy, the ultimate source of sovereignty is the people. This means that the power to make decisions and govern the country comes from the citizens themselves. The people elect representatives to serve in government and make decisions on their behalf, but the people remain the ultimate source of power. This is the foundation of democratic government, which emphasizes the importance of popular sovereignty and government accountability to the people. Other institutions of government, such as the legislature, the judiciary, and the armed forces, are subject to the authority of the people, who have the power to hold them accountable and ensure that they act in the best interests of the country and its citizens.

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A common feature of totalitarian regimes is the existence of a single recognized party. This means that only one political party is allowed to hold power, and all other political parties and opposition groups are banned or suppressed. In a totalitarian regime, the ruling party has complete control over all aspects of society, including the economy, media, and individual freedoms. This type of system is characterized by authoritarianism, dictatorship, and a lack of democracy, as there is no meaningful opportunity for citizens to participate in the political process or to express dissenting opinions.

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The function of the legislature is to review the actions and decisions of the executive arm of government, including the administration of public policies, to ensure that they are in the interest of the citizens. The legislature also has the power to make laws, approve budgets, and oversee government spending. Additionally, it is responsible for representing the people and their interests, and providing a forum for debate and discussion on national issues. Finally, the legislature plays a key role in promoting democratic governance and upholding the rule of law.

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Proportional representation is a system of voting that aims to ensure that political parties are represented in proportion to the number of votes they receive. In this system, parties are allocated seats based on the percentage of votes they receive in an election. This system favours a multi-party system, as it allows for smaller parties to have a chance of gaining representation in government. It is less likely to favour a two-party system or a one-party system, which tend to limit political diversity and representation. Therefore, the correct answer is: multi-party system.

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The author of the famous book Renascent Africa which inspired African nationalism is Nnamdi Azikiwe. Nnamdi Azikiwe was a Nigerian statesman who played a key role in Nigeria's struggle for independence from colonial rule. He was also a journalist, author, and the first president of Nigeria. Renascent Africa was published in 1937 and it called for the revitalization of African culture and the unification of Africa against colonialism. The book became a seminal work in the movement for African nationalism and inspired many African leaders in their fight for independence.

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During the struggle for Angolan independence, Nigeria supported the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola). The MPLA was a socialist-oriented political party that fought against Portuguese colonial rule in Angola. Nigeria, under the leadership of General Yakubu Gowon, supported the MPLA with both military and financial aid. Nigeria's support for the MPLA was part of a broader effort by African nations to support the liberation movements in Angola and other Portuguese colonies. Other African nations, such as Tanzania and Zambia, also provided support to the MPLA.

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The organization that was formed in London in 1945 was the Egbe Omo Oduduwa. It was a pan-Yoruba organization that was founded by Chief Obafemi Awolowo and other Yoruba leaders with the aim of promoting the unity, progress, and development of the Yoruba people. The organization was founded at a time when Nigeria was still a British colony and was instrumental in the struggle for Nigeria's independence. The Egbe Omo Oduduwa was known for its advocacy of Yoruba self-determination and cultural preservation, and it played a key role in shaping the political landscape of Nigeria in the decades leading up to and following independence.

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Representative democracy is a form of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions and pass laws on their behalf. It is characterized by free and fair elections, in which all eligible citizens have the right to vote, and an up-to-date register of voters to ensure that only those who are eligible to vote can do so. It also promotes equality, as all citizens have an equal say in the election of their representatives, regardless of their social status or wealth. Additionally, it does not discourage opposition but rather allows for the expression of diverse views and encourages healthy debate and discussion to reach a consensus or majority decision. Finally, while it may promote international cooperation and collaboration, it does not necessarily promote the international brotherhood of man as its focus is on domestic governance rather than global affairs.

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The veto power is exercised within the United Nations in the Security Council. The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, 5 of which are permanent (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States), and 10 of which are elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. The permanent members have the power to veto any substantive resolution, regardless of its level of international support, which means that they can block any action or decision of the Security Council.

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When a state is subject to no other authority, it is said to be sovereign. Sovereignty means that a state has the power to govern itself without interference from external sources. It is the highest authority within its own territory and has the ability to make decisions and enforce laws without being overruled by any other outside force. Essentially, a sovereign state has complete control over its own affairs and is not subordinate to any other power or authority.

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In traditional Hausa Fulani political system, the political authority was vested in the Emir. The Emir is the traditional leader or monarch of the Hausa-Fulani people, who are predominantly found in northern Nigeria. The Emir, who was also the chief judge, was regarded as the overall ruler of his emirate, and his power extended over both political and religious matters. The Emirate Council, consisting of a group of high-ranking officials and advisers, assisted the Emir in the administration of the emirate. The Talakawa, on the other hand, refers to the common people, who were not involved in the political authority of the traditional Hausa Fulani political system.

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A common language is NOT necessarily a characteristic of a nation state. A nation state is defined as a sovereign state that encompasses a particular group of people who share a common culture, history, language, and sometimes religion. While a common language may be a common feature of a nation state, it is not a necessary characteristic. There are examples of nation states where multiple languages are spoken or where there is no single dominant language. Therefore, a common language is not a defining feature of a nation state.

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The motion by Anthony Enahoro demanding independence for Nigeria was moved in 1953.