JAMB UTME - History - 2021

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The motion for self-government was proposed by Anthony Enahoro in 1953. Enahoro was a Nigerian politician who was part of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) political party. He moved the motion for self-government in the Nigerian House of Representatives, which called for Nigeria to be granted self-rule in a period of no more than five years. The motion was seconded by several other members of the House of Representatives and sparked a national conversation about Nigerian independence, ultimately leading to Nigeria gaining independence from Britain in 1960.

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The Ogboni cult in the Yoruba pre-colonial administration played the role of the judiciary. The Ogboni cult was a secret society made up of elders who were highly respected in Yoruba society. They were responsible for settling disputes and enforcing customary law, which governed many aspects of Yoruba life. The cult was involved in the administration of justice, settling civil and criminal cases, and had the power to enforce punishments, including the death penalty. They were highly regarded for their wisdom and impartiality, and their decisions were considered final. The Ogboni cult also had a religious function, performing rituals and sacrifices to honor the gods and ancestors.

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The division of the Sokoto Caliphate into emirates was primarily due to geographical reasons. The Sokoto Caliphate was a vast empire that covered a large area of what is now Northern Nigeria, and it was ruled by an Islamic leader known as the Sultan. However, as the Caliphate expanded, it became increasingly difficult for the Sultan to effectively govern such a large territory from one centralized location. Therefore, the Sultanate was divided into smaller emirates, each with its own Emir who was responsible for administering the affairs of the local population in his domain. This helped to bring governance closer to the people, making it easier to provide for their needs and address their concerns. While the Sokoto Caliphate was established through a Jihad war led by Usman Dan Fodio, the division of the empire into emirates was not due to this war or the autocratic rule of Dan Fodio. Instead, it was a practical solution to the challenge of governing a large and diverse territory effectively.

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The reason that does not fit as a reason for military intervention in Nigeria is "regular promotion of military officers." Military intervention usually occurs when there is a perceived threat to the stability of the country, such as political instability, social unrest, or economic crisis. It is not typically a result of the routine promotions of military officers.

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Nigeria became a member of OPEC since 1971. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an intergovernmental organization that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries. It was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971, eleven years after the establishment of the organization. Since then, Nigeria has been an active member of OPEC, contributing to the organization's objectives of stabilizing oil prices and ensuring a regular supply of petroleum to the global market. Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, and its membership in OPEC has allowed it to collaborate with other oil-producing countries to achieve common goals.

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The Savannah region in Nigeria was characterized by large vegetation. The Savannah is a type of ecosystem characterized by grasslands and scattered trees, and it covers a significant portion of Nigeria's northern region. The vegetation in this region is typically grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees, with a relatively open canopy that allows for easy movement and visibility. Due to its large vegetation, the Savannah region is home to a variety of wildlife, including antelopes, lions, and elephants, as well as many species of birds. In addition, the vegetation provides a source of food and shelter for local communities, who practice agriculture and pastoralism in the region. However, the Savannah region also faces challenges such as soil erosion, desertification, and frequent droughts. These environmental issues have made it difficult for the local population to sustain their livelihoods and have contributed to poverty and food insecurity in the region.

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Murtala Muhammed created 19 states out of Nigeria in the year 1976. Before Murtala Muhammed created the states, Nigeria was divided into 12 states. In 1967, the military government of General Yakubu Gowon had created 12 states out of the four regions that existed at the time. These states were further subdivided into a total of 19 states in 1976 by Murtala Muhammed's administration. The creation of these additional states was part of Murtala Muhammed's plan to decentralize power and bring government closer to the people. Each of the 19 states was created with its own capital city, local government system, and administrative structure. This move was aimed at promoting national unity and reducing the tensions between different ethnic groups. The creation of more states also helped to improve the distribution of resources and development across the country. Overall, the creation of 19 states in 1976 by Murtala Muhammed's administration had a significant impact on Nigeria's political, social, and economic development.

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The Afrikaans Groot Trek, which was a migration of Boers from the Cape Colony in South Africa, took place between 1835 and 1840. This means that the correct answer is the first option: 1835/1840. During this time, the Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and felt that they were losing their independence and culture. They decided to leave the Cape Colony and head north, where they believed they could establish their own independent republics. This journey, which took several years and was marked by many hardships and conflicts with indigenous peoples, is known as the Groot Trek. Ultimately, the Boers were successful in establishing several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal). However, these republics would eventually come into conflict with the British Empire, leading to the Anglo-Boer War in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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The Sultanate of Oman was divided in 1856 after the death of Said bin Sultan and was ruled by a monarchical system of government. This means that the country was ruled by a king or a sultan, who had complete control over the government and was considered the highest authority in the land. The monarch had the power to make laws, appoint officials, and govern the country according to his own wishes. The monarchical system of government in Oman has been in place since that time and continues to this day.

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Nigeria is a country with a diverse population, made up of many different ethnic groups. Prior to the amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914, the area now known as Nigeria was made up of various distinct and independent kingdoms and societies, each with its own unique culture, language, and way of life. These different kingdoms and societies were made up of various peoples and ethnic groups, such as the Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Fulani, and many others. Each of these groups had its own history, traditions, and customs, and they often interacted with each other through trade, migration, and warfare. So, to answer the question, Nigeria was a conglomerations of peoples and ethnic groups before the amalgamation in 1914.

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The formation of the first 12 states in Nigeria took place in the year 1967. Before 1967, Nigeria was divided into three regions: Northern, Eastern, and Western regions. Each region was made up of several provinces, and these provinces were further divided into districts. However, in May 1967, the then military Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon, announced the creation of 12 states in Nigeria, which replaced the previous regional structure. The new states were designed to reflect Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups and promote national unity. The 12 states were: Lagos, Western State, Mid-Western State, Eastern State, Benue-Plateau State, North-Eastern State, Kwara State, Kano State, North-Western State, Cross River State, Rivers State, and South-Eastern State (later renamed to Anambra State). The creation of these states was not without controversy, as some ethnic groups felt they were not adequately represented in the new state boundaries. Nevertheless, the move was seen as an important step towards addressing Nigeria's diverse and complex sociopolitical landscape. In summary, the formation of the first 12 states in Nigeria took place in 1967, replacing the previous regional structure and reflecting Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups.

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The amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorate of Nigeria took place on 1 January, 1914. This was when the British colonial government merged the two separate territories of Northern and Southern Nigeria into one administrative unit. The aim of the amalgamation was to create a more efficient and centralized administration, and to better exploit the economic and natural resources of Nigeria. The merger was largely an administrative one, and did not immediately lead to a unified sense of national identity among Nigerians. However, it was a significant event in Nigeria's history, as it paved the way for the country's eventual independence in 1960.

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The Buhari/Idiagbo regime refers to the military government of Muhammadu Buhari and Tunde Idiagbo, who ruled Nigeria from 1983 to 1985. During their brief tenure, they were known for their advocacy of "War Against Indiscipline" (WAI). WAI was a campaign aimed at promoting discipline, honesty, and accountability in Nigerian society. It was characterized by a number of measures, including public floggings of offenders, the imposition of fines for traffic violations, and the introduction of a dress code for civil servants. The WAI campaign was popular among many Nigerians who were frustrated with the widespread corruption and indiscipline in the country at the time. However, it was also criticized for its heavy-handed approach and human rights abuses. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: - WAI (War Against Indiscipline)

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The leader of the South African's black consciousness movement, Steve Biko, died in 1977. Steve Biko was a prominent anti-apartheid activist and a leading figure in the black consciousness movement in South Africa. He worked tirelessly to fight against the oppressive apartheid system, which discriminated against black people in South Africa. In 1977, Biko was arrested by the South African authorities and was severely beaten during his detention. He suffered a head injury and was denied medical treatment, which resulted in his death. Therefore, the correct answer is 1977.

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The administrative headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is located in Abuja, which is the capital city of Nigeria. ECOWAS is a regional intergovernmental organization that was established to promote economic cooperation and integration among the 15 countries in West Africa. The headquarters in Abuja serves as the central administrative hub for ECOWAS, where important decisions and policies are formulated and implemented. The location of the headquarters in Nigeria was a result of a decision made by the founding fathers of ECOWAS, who recognized Nigeria's leadership and influence in the region.

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Sierra Leone's name can be traced back to the 15th century when Portuguese explorers arrived on its shores. The name "Sierra Leone" is derived from the Portuguese phrase "Serra Leoa," which means "Lion Mountains." The name refers to the mountainous area around the capital, Freetown, which is located on a peninsula surrounded by hills. The Portuguese used the name to refer to the region's mountains, which they believed resembled a lion's profile when viewed from a distance. The name stuck and was later adopted by other European powers that colonized the region, including the British, who established a colony there in the late 18th century. So, the answer is Portuguese.

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Herbert Macaulay is known to be the founding father of Nationalism in Nigeria. He was a prominent Nigerian nationalist, politician, and engineer who lived between 1864 and 1946. He was born in Lagos and was one of the earliest Nigerian students to study in the United Kingdom. Macaulay was a vocal advocate for the rights of Nigerians and used his platform as a journalist and politician to call for greater representation and self-rule. He founded the Lagos Daily News, which was the first newspaper owned and edited by a Nigerian, and also helped establish the Nigerian National Democratic Party in 1923, which was the first political party in Nigeria. Macaulay's activism and advocacy were influential in the struggle for Nigerian independence. He was a key figure in the constitutional conferences of the 1940s, which laid the foundation for Nigeria's independence in 1960. His legacy as the founding father of nationalism in Nigeria remains significant, and he is celebrated as a pioneer in the fight for self-rule and independence in Nigeria.

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The system of government in the Benin pre-colonial era was a monarchy. The kingdom of Benin, located in what is now southern Nigeria, was ruled by an Oba or king who held absolute power over the kingdom. The king was considered a divine ruler and was believed to have been appointed by the gods. The king's power was maintained through a complex system of officials and councils, including a council of chiefs and a council of elders. These officials served as advisors to the king and helped to administer the kingdom's affairs. The monarchy was the dominant political system in Benin until it was replaced by a colonial system of government under British rule in the late 19th century.

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The indirect rule system succeeded in Hausa/Fulani society primarily because the existing administration favored the system. The British colonial government recognized the existing hierarchical and decentralized political structure in the society and chose to rule indirectly through local rulers instead of imposing direct rule. Additionally, the fact that many people in the society received Islamic education also facilitated the acceptance of the system, as it aligned with the Islamic principle of submitting to legitimate authority. The size of the region or whether the society was practicing anarchy were not the main factors contributing to the success of the indirect rule system.

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The method that was used by the Europeans to control the administration of Southern Nigeria was "Divide and Rule". This approach involved dividing the people of Southern Nigeria along ethnic and regional lines in order to weaken their unity and make it easier to control them. By exploiting existing rivalries and tensions among different groups, the Europeans were able to maintain their dominance and prevent the emergence of a united front against their colonial rule. This approach was particularly effective in Southern Nigeria, which was home to a large number of diverse ethnic groups with their own distinct cultures and traditions. By playing one group against the other, the Europeans were able to maintain control over the entire region without facing significant resistance. Overall, the "Divide and Rule" method was a key strategy used by European powers during the colonial era to maintain their control over the regions they had conquered. While it was effective in achieving their goals of dominance, it often had long-lasting negative effects on the societies and cultures of the regions affected by this approach.

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Indirect rule was first practiced in India before it was introduced to Nigeria. Indirect rule is a system of governance where a colonial power rules a country through traditional rulers and local institutions. It was first introduced in India by the British during their colonial rule. The British adopted this system of governance to save on the cost of administration and also to make it easier to control their colonies by using local rulers and institutions to implement their policies. The British then introduced indirect rule to Nigeria in the early 20th century, after they had gained control over the country. They used traditional rulers and local institutions to help them govern the country, rather than ruling directly from the colonial center. The system was also used in other British colonies, including Malaya (now Malaysia) and Sudan. In summary, the practice of indirect rule was first introduced in India before it was later adopted in Nigeria and other British colonies.

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The Abacha regime oversaw the termination of Ernest Shonekan's government. Ernest Shonekan was appointed as the interim head of state by Ibrahim Babangida, who had stepped down from power in 1993. Shonekan was appointed with the mandate to organize new elections and return Nigeria to civilian rule. However, his government was short-lived as it was overthrown by Sani Abacha's military regime in November 1993, just three months after his appointment. Abacha assumed the position of military head of state and dissolved all democratic institutions, effectively ending the transition to civilian rule. Therefore, the correct answer is Ernest Shonekan.

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The last ruler of the Ogiso dynasty in the Benin Empire was Oba Owodo. The Ogiso dynasty ruled the Benin Empire before the Obas. According to Benin tradition, the Ogiso dynasty ended when the last Ogiso, Ogiso Owodo, was overthrown by his own chiefs, who then invited Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule as the first Oba of Benin. This event is said to have occurred around the 12th or 13th century. Therefore, Chief Oba Eweka, Oba Oromiyan, and Oba Eware were all Obas of Benin who came after the Ogiso dynasty.

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The Omani Empire vied with Portugal and Britain for trade. This means that Oman was in competition with both Portugal and Britain to control and benefit from the trade that took place in the region. The Portuguese and British were major naval powers in the Indian Ocean, and they were also involved in the spice trade that was important to Oman's economy. The Omani Empire competed with these two powers to maintain their control over the trade routes and to protect their own commercial interests. This competition was a significant factor in the history of Oman and the broader region, as it influenced the development of the Omani Empire and the larger geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean.

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ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) was founded under the leadership of Yakubu Gowon. Yakubu Gowon was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. In May 1975, he hosted the summit of the Heads of State and Government of West African countries in Lagos, Nigeria. During the summit, the idea of creating a regional economic community was proposed, and on May 28, 1975, the Treaty of Lagos was signed, establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The main objective of ECOWAS was to promote economic integration among West African countries and to create a common market for the region. It aimed to promote cooperation in trade, investment, agriculture, and industry, as well as to improve the transport and communication infrastructure of the region. Today, ECOWAS has expanded its scope to include political and security cooperation, as well as promoting democratic governance in the region. In summary, Yakubu Gowon, the head of state of Nigeria, was the leader under whose leadership ECOWAS was founded in 1975.