WAEC SSCE - Geography - 2018

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Carbonaceous sedimentary rocks are made from vegetative matter. Carbonaceous sedimentary rocks are a type of rock that contains high levels of carbon, such as coal, shale, and limestone. These rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of organic material, which is primarily composed of vegetative matter, such as dead plants and trees. Over time, as layers of dead vegetation accumulate in swamps and wetlands, they are buried under sediment and rock. As more layers accumulate, the weight of the overlying material compresses and heats the layers beneath, causing the organic material to undergo a process of chemical and physical change called diagenesis. This process results in the formation of coal, shale, and other carbonaceous sedimentary rocks. In contrast, sedimentary rocks that are made from the remains of dead animals, such as limestone or chalk, are not considered to be carbonaceous. These rocks form from the accumulation and compaction of shells, bones, and other calcium-rich material produced by marine organisms.

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In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer solstice is experienced on June 21st. The summer solstice marks the longest day of the year and the official start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. This occurs because the Earth's axis is tilted towards the sun, allowing the sun's rays to hit the Northern Hemisphere more directly than at any other time of the year. Conversely, during the winter solstice, which occurs on December 22nd, the Earth's axis is tilted away from the sun, making it the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. It's important to note that these dates may vary slightly from year to year, but generally, the summer solstice occurs around June 21st in the Northern Hemisphere.

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The feature that is associated with river capture is "Wind gap". River capture is a geomorphological process that occurs when a river erodes its channel and captures the drainage of another river or stream. This usually happens when the two rivers flow in close proximity, and one of them has a more rapid rate of erosion than the other. Over time, the faster-eroding river may break through the divide between the two rivers, diverting the water flow from the other river into its own channel. As a result of river capture, a wind gap may be formed in the area where the diverted river previously flowed. A wind gap is a narrow, steep-sided valley or gap in a ridge or mountain range, which was previously occupied by a river or stream. The term "wind gap" comes from the fact that the gap is often occupied by strong winds that blow through the valley or gap. Therefore, "Wind gap" is the feature associated with river capture.

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The statement best describes administrative towns. Administrative towns are centers of government and are typically the location of government offices, parliament buildings, and other administrative institutions. They are often the capital city of a country or region and are responsible for the management and implementation of policies and laws. Examples of administrative towns include Washington D.C. in the United States, London in the United Kingdom, and Brasília in Brazil. In summary, administrative towns are places where governments have their headquarters, and they play a significant role in the management of the country or region.

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The intensive farming techniques are those which involve a high level of inputs such as labor, capital, and technology to produce high yields per unit of land. Out of the given options, land rotation, crop rotation, mixed farming are all examples of intensive farming techniques. Land rotation involves moving crops from one area of land to another in a planned way to maintain soil fertility, while crop rotation involves the systematic planting of different crops in the same field to prevent soil depletion and control pests. Mixed farming is the practice of combining crop cultivation with the rearing of animals for food and other products. Market gardening, on the other hand, is not an intensive farming technique. It refers to the small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale in local markets. This practice typically involves lower levels of inputs and is often done on small plots of land close to urban areas. In summary, while land rotation, crop rotation, and mixed farming are all examples of intensive farming techniques, market gardening is not an intensive farming technique.

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The pair of rocks that is not correctly shown is shale → graphite. Shale is a sedimentary rock composed of mud or clay particles that have compacted over time. Graphite, on the other hand, is a mineral that is formed from the metamorphism of carbon-rich rocks such as limestone or shale. While shale can undergo metamorphism to become slate, it does not naturally transform into graphite. Graphite is formed under very specific geological conditions that involve the high temperature and pressure necessary for the carbon in the rock to re-crystallize into the mineral graphite. Therefore, the pair of rocks that is not correctly shown is shale → graphite.

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The correct term for a community of plants and animals living in harmony within the same physical environment is an ecosystem. An ecosystem refers to a biological community of living organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) in conjunction with their non-living environment (air, water, and soil) and the interactions between them. All the living organisms in an ecosystem depend on each other and their physical environment to survive. For instance, plants provide food and oxygen for animals, while animals help in pollination and seed dispersal for plants. This interconnectedness creates a balance, leading to the coexistence of various species in a harmonious way.

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Autotrophs, heterotrophs, and decomposers are associated with ecosystems. Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food using energy from the sun, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must consume other organisms for energy, such as animals and some bacteria. Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic matter into simpler substances, such as fungi and bacteria. These three types of organisms play important roles in ecosystems. Autotrophs are at the base of the food chain, producing energy that is then consumed by heterotrophs. Decomposers break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil and allowing them to be used again by autotrophs. Together, these organisms help to maintain the balance of energy and nutrients within an ecosystem. Vegetation, climate, and geology are all important components of an ecosystem, but they are not directly associated with autotrophs, heterotrophs, and decomposers.

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Natural increase in population means excess of births over deaths. This means that the number of births in a population is greater than the number of deaths in a given period of time, usually a year. Natural increase is an important factor in determining population growth. When there are more births than deaths, the population increases naturally without the need for migration. This can have significant implications for a country's economy and social structure, as a growing population can place pressure on resources and infrastructure. It is important to note that natural increase is just one factor that affects population growth. Migration, both immigration and emigration, can also significantly impact population size. However, when natural increase is positive, it means that the population is growing through the natural process of births and deaths.

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The climatic data in the table above shows a consistent high temperature with two seasons - a wet season with high rainfall and a dry season with low rainfall. This type of climate is known as a tropical wet and dry climate, also known as a savanna climate. Gao (Mali) is a town located in the Sahelian zone, which experiences a hot desert climate with very little rainfall. The temperature and rainfall data in the table do not match this climate type, so Gao is not the town that experiences the climate represented in the table. Cairo (Egypt) is a town located in the desert, which experiences a hot desert climate with very low rainfall. The temperature in the table is consistent with a hot climate, but the rainfall data does not match the hot desert climate type. Therefore, Cairo is not the town that experiences the climate represented in the table. Warri (Nigeria) is a town located in the Niger Delta region, which experiences a tropical wet and dry climate, consistent with the data in the table. The high temperature and rainfall in the wet season in the table match the characteristics of a tropical wet and dry climate. Therefore, Warri is the town that experiences the climate represented in the table. London (England) is a town located in a temperate climate zone, which experiences mild temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. The high temperature and rainfall in the table do not match this climate type, so London is not the town that experiences the climate represented in the table. In summary, based on the temperature and rainfall data in the table, the town that experiences the type of climate represented is Warri, Nigeria.

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In Koppen's classification of climates, "Cs" refers to the "Mediterranean" climate. This climate is characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. It is typically found in coastal regions with prevailing westerly winds, such as the Mediterranean Basin, California, and parts of South Africa and Australia. The mild temperatures and ample rainfall in the winter support a diverse range of vegetation, while the dry summers prevent forests from becoming too dense.

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To find the mean temperature from July to December, we need to add up the temperatures for those months and then divide by the number of months (which is 6 in this case, as we are considering July to December). The sum of temperatures for July to December is: 27 + 28 + 28 + 28 + 27 + 27 = 165 To get the mean temperature, we divide this sum by 6: 165 / 6 = 27.5°C Therefore, the mean temperature from July to December is 27.5°C.

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Stalactites and stalagmites are associated with limestone rock. Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is composed mainly of calcium carbonate. Stalactites and stalagmites form in caves, where water containing dissolved calcium carbonate drips from the cave ceiling and then deposits the calcium carbonate, creating a growing column that eventually forms a stalactite. The water then drips onto the floor and deposits more calcium carbonate, creating a stalagmite. Over time, these formations can grow to become very large and impressive. Limestone is the most common rock type for the formation of stalactites and stalagmites because it is easily dissolved by water and is abundant in many parts of the world.

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The characteristic of subsistence farming is that it is a type of agriculture in which the produce is mainly for home consumption, meaning that it is not primarily intended for sale or trade. Subsistence farming is typically carried out on a small scale, and it relies heavily on manual labor and simple farming tools. Since it is often done by small farmers who have limited resources, it is not capital-intensive. Therefore, the option that is not a characteristic of subsistence farming is "It is capital intensive."

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The depletion of petroleum reserves is the factor that is likely to make petroleum drilling unimportant. Petroleum is a finite resource, meaning that once the available reserves have been extracted, there will be no more petroleum to extract. As petroleum is the primary resource extracted through drilling, the depletion of reserves will ultimately lead to a decrease in the importance of petroleum drilling. This could be due to a variety of reasons, including the high demand for petroleum products, declining reserves, or the development of alternative energy sources. While adequate capital, skilled labor, and good management are essential for the success of petroleum drilling, they are not sufficient to make it important if there are no reserves left to extract.

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The annual range of temperature for the station is 2°C. This means that the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in a year is 2°C. In this case, the highest temperature recorded is 28°C (in August) and the lowest temperature recorded is 26°C (in January, February, March, April, May, October, and November).

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Relief rainfall is mostly associated with highlands. This means that the type of rainfall known as relief rainfall is most commonly found in areas with high elevations, such as mountains or plateaus. This type of rainfall occurs when moist air is lifted as it moves over high terrain, causing the air to cool and condense into clouds that produce rain. In this way, relief rainfall is a direct result of the physical features of the landscape, and is most commonly found in areas of high elevation.

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A feature commonly found in the youthful stage of a river is a meander. A meander is a bend or curve in a river that forms as the river erodes the outer bank and deposit sediment on the inner bank. Meanders are characteristic of a youthful river because the river has a lot of energy and is actively eroding and depositing sediment. As the river ages and slows down, the meanders become more pronounced and can eventually lead to the formation of ox-bow lakes. Ox-bow lakes are formed when a meander becomes so pronounced that the river cuts through the narrow strip of land, creating a new channel. The old channel becomes isolated and forms a lake. Levees are mounds of sediment that form along the banks of a river and are used to prevent flooding. Interlocking spurs are ridges of rock or sediment that form along a river and help to control the river's flow.

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The type of rain mostly experienced within the tropics is convectional rain. This type of rain is formed by convection, which is the transfer of heat and moisture from the ground to the atmosphere. In the tropics, where the air is warm and moist, the heat causes water vapor to rise and condense into clouds. When the clouds become heavy with moisture, they release the water as rain. Convectional rain is common in the tropics due to the warm and moist conditions, making it the most frequently experienced type of rain in this region.

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The most predominant occupation of most of the population of West African countries is farming. This is because agriculture is the main source of income and employment for many people in the region. The fertile soil and favorable climate conditions in West Africa make it an ideal place for agricultural activities. Farming in West Africa is predominantly done through subsistence farming, which involves growing crops mainly for personal consumption rather than for commercial purposes. However, there is also commercial farming which involves the production of cash crops such as cocoa, coffee, rubber, and palm oil for exportation. Overall, farming is a crucial aspect of West African culture and economy, providing food and income for millions of people in the region.

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The nearest planet to the sun is Mercury. Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system and is located closest to the sun. It is named after the Roman messenger god, Mercury, and completes one orbit around the sun in just 88 Earth days. Despite being closest to the sun, Mercury is not the hottest planet in our solar system. That distinction belongs to Venus, which has a thick atmosphere that traps heat and creates a greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet.

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The characteristic of Wadis that is not correct is "They hold permanent streams". Wadis are usually dry riverbeds or channels that contain water only during the rainy season. They are a common feature in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. Wadis are usually characterized by steep craggy walls, which are formed by the erosion of the surrounding rocks and soil over a long period of time. They are often located in areas with low rainfall and are fed by intermittent streams that only flow during the rainy season. Therefore, "They hold permanent streams" is not a characteristic of Wadis.

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The core of the Earth is composed primarily of Iron and Nickel, with small amounts of other elements such as Silicon, Sulfur, and Carbon. These elements are found in the Earth's core because they are dense and able to withstand the immense pressure and high temperatures found at the center of the planet. The combination of Iron and Nickel creates an alloy that is even denser and stronger, making it the ideal material for the Earth's core.

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The envelope of gases surrounding the Earth's crust is called the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by gravity. It is composed of various gases, including nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and other trace gases such as carbon dioxide and helium. The atmosphere plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's temperature, protecting it from harmful radiation, and providing the air we breathe. It is divided into five layers based on temperature, with the troposphere being the layer closest to the Earth's surface and the exosphere being the outermost layer. The hydrosphere refers to all the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. The lithosphere refers to the solid outer layer of the Earth, which includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle. The barysphere refers to the Earth's core, which is composed of primarily iron and nickel.

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