WAEC SSCE - Government - 2001

A system in which one level of government exercises an overwhelming authority over others can best be described as

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A system in which one level of government exercises an overwhelming authority over others can best be described as a unitary system. In a unitary system, the central or national government has the power to make decisions on behalf of all other levels of government, such as regional or local governments. Under a unitary system, the central government has the power to create or abolish regional or local governments, as well as to appoint their leaders. The central government also has the power to dictate policies and laws that affect all regions or localities within the country. This centralized system of governance can be efficient and effective in certain circumstances, such as in countries with a relatively homogeneous population or a small geographic size. However, it can also lead to a lack of representation and participation at the regional or local levels of government, as well as potential conflicts between the central and regional or local governments. In summary, a system in which one level of government exercises an overwhelming authority over others can best be described as a unitary system. Under this system, the central or national government has the power to make decisions on behalf of all other levels of government, potentially leading to a lack of representation and participation at the regional or local levels.

The process by which people vote to elect their representatives is called

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The process by which people vote to elect their representatives is called an electoral system. In an electoral system, citizens of a country or region cast their votes to choose their preferred candidates to represent them in government. This process is a fundamental aspect of democracy, as it allows citizens to have a say in who will govern them and make decisions on their behalf. There are various types of electoral systems, such as first-past-the-post, proportional representation, and ranked choice voting, among others. These systems determine how votes are counted and how seats in government are allocated to the winning candidates. In summary, an electoral system is the process by which people vote to elect their representatives. It is a vital component of democracy, as it allows citizens to have a voice in who governs them and how decisions are made on their behalf.

The chairman of the Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) during the Second republic in Nigeria was

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The chairman of the Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) during the Second Republic in Nigeria was Obafemi Awolowo. Obafemi Awolowo was a prominent Nigerian nationalist and statesman who founded and led the UPN. He was a highly respected figure in Nigerian politics and played a key role in Nigeria's struggle for independence from Britain. As the chairman of UPN, he advocated for progressive policies such as free education and healthcare, and worked tirelessly to improve the lives of Nigerians. Awolowo's legacy continues to inspire generations of Nigerians, and he is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the country's history.

In the Hause/Fulani traditional political administration, the Madawaki was the

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One from of delegated legislation is

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One form of delegated legislation is statutory instruments. Statutory instruments are rules, regulations, and orders made by government ministers, departments, and other bodies under the authority of an Act of Parliament. In other words, statutory instruments are laws made by bodies other than Parliament but with the authority of Parliament. Delegated legislation refers to the process of entrusting some of the law-making powers of the legislature to the executive or other subordinate bodies. This form of legislation is necessary to enable effective governance and to ensure that laws can be made and amended quickly and efficiently in response to changing circumstances. Therefore, of the four options given, statutory instruments are a type of delegated legislation, while case laws, conventions, and man-made laws are not forms of delegated legislation.

Which of the following is a method of acquiring political power in a democracy?

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In a democracy, the primary method of acquiring political power is through elections. This is because in a democracy, the power to govern is vested in the people who exercise it through their elected representatives. Through free and fair elections, citizens are able to choose their leaders and hold them accountable for their actions. This is in contrast to other methods such as heredity, imposition, or selection, where power is concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or groups without regard for the will of the people. Therefore, the correct answer is election.

Who among the following was dismissed from the Action Group at the Jos Congress of February, 1962?

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Ladoke Akintola was dismissed from the Action Group at the Jos Congress of February 1962.

Apart from making laws, the legislature has the important function of

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Apart from making laws, the legislature has the important function of checking the executive powers. In a democratic system, the legislature is responsible for ensuring that the executive branch of government does not abuse its power or overstep its bounds. To perform this function, the legislature has several tools at its disposal. It can conduct hearings and investigations to examine the actions of the executive branch and hold it accountable for any wrongdoing. It can also use its power of the purse to control the budget and prevent the executive from spending money in ways that are not authorized by law. In addition, the legislature has the power to impeach and remove members of the executive branch who have committed serious offenses or abuses of power. This power serves as a powerful check on the executive, ensuring that those who hold power are held accountable for their actions. Overall, the legislature plays a crucial role in checking the executive powers and ensuring that the government operates in the best interests of the people. By performing this important function, the legislature helps to maintain the balance of power between the different branches of government and ensures that democracy remains strong and vibrant.

Countries adopt federal system of government because of

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Countries adopt a federal system of government because of the fear of domination of minorities. In a federal system, power is shared between a central government and its constituent states or provinces. This allows for greater regional autonomy and decision-making power. It also ensures that the interests of minority groups are protected by giving them a greater voice and representation in government. By giving power to the states, the federal government can prevent any one group from dominating the others, which can help to promote stability and unity within the country.

After the annexation in 1861, Lagos became a

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After the annexation in 1861, Lagos became a crown colony. This means that it was a British colony directly controlled by the British government through a governor appointed by the Crown. The colony was not under the control of a chartered company or a private individual. The crown colony system was often used by the British government to govern territories that were considered too important or too dangerous to be left to a chartered company. As a crown colony, Lagos was governed by British laws and regulations, and the local population had little to no say in the governance of their own affairs. The system continued until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

Political sovereignty in the state resides with the

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Political sovereignty in the state resides with the people. This means that the ultimate power to govern the state belongs to the citizens of the state, who exercise this power through their chosen representatives in government. The people have the right to choose their leaders, make decisions about public policies, and hold their leaders accountable for their actions. While the executive, national assembly, and international community may play important roles in the governance of the state, their power is ultimately derived from the people, who hold the ultimate authority to decide the direction and priorities of the state.

A multi-party system often leads to the formation of

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A multi-party system often leads to the formation of coalition governments. In a multi-party system, there are multiple political parties that compete for power and influence in government. This is in contrast to a two-party system, where there are only two major political parties. When there are multiple political parties in a system, it is unlikely that any one party will win a majority of the seats in government. This means that in order to form a government, parties may need to form a coalition with each other, where they agree to work together and share power. Coalition governments can have advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, they can bring together a diverse range of perspectives and experiences, which can lead to more inclusive policies and better decision-making. On the other hand, coalition governments can be fragile, as disagreements between coalition partners can lead to the collapse of the government. Overall, the formation of coalition governments is a common outcome of multi-party systems, as it allows for greater representation of different interests and perspectives.

During the 1964 federal elections in Nigeria, there was total boycott of voting in

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One important effect of the 1922 Constitution of Nigeria was the

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A system in which one level of government exercises an overwhelming authority over others can best be described as

Maelezo ya Majibu

A system in which one level of government exercises an overwhelming authority over others can best be described as a unitary system. In a unitary system, the central or national government holds most of the power and authority, and it delegates some of the powers to the lower levels of government such as regional or local governments. The national government has the power to create, merge or abolish local governments, and it can also control the budgets and policies of those lower levels of government. This is in contrast to a federal system where the powers are shared between the national and lower levels of government, and each level has its own area of authority.

Under the Nigeria Constitution of 1979 representation in the lower House was based on

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Under the Nigeria Constitution of 1979, representation in the lower House, which is the House of Representatives, was based on the population of each state. This means that the number of representatives that a state had in the House of Representatives was determined by the population of the state. The higher the population of a state, the more representatives it had in the House of Representatives. This was aimed at ensuring that each state was well represented in the National Assembly based on the number of people living in the state.

A disadvantage of centralized administration is that

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A disadvantage of centralized administration is that sub-national bodies are denied initiative in decision making. Centralized administration is a system of government where most of the decision-making power is held by a central authority, such as a federal government or a monarch. In this system, sub-national bodies such as local governments or state governments may have limited power to make decisions on behalf of their constituents. One of the drawbacks of this system is that sub-national bodies may not have the freedom to make decisions that are specific to their local needs and concerns. Instead, they may be required to follow the directives of the central authority, which may not always take into account the unique circumstances of each sub-national entity. This can result in policies that are not effective or appropriate for local conditions. Furthermore, denying sub-national bodies the initiative in decision making can lead to a lack of accountability and transparency in governance. Without the ability to make decisions on their own, local officials may be more likely to engage in corrupt practices or to serve the interests of the central authority rather than their constituents. This can ultimately lead to a loss of trust in government and a lack of support for the system of governance.

One of the arguments against delegated legislation is that it

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Delegated legislation is a process where the legislative body delegates some of its powers to other bodies or officials. One of the arguments against delegated legislation is that it is against the principle of separation of powers. The principle of separation of powers is the idea that the government should be divided into separate branches, each with its own powers and responsibilities, to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. Delegated legislation can potentially violate this principle because it allows the legislative body to delegate some of its powers to other branches or officials, which can blur the lines between the different branches of government. This can lead to a situation where one branch of government has too much power or is able to exert too much influence over the other branches. For example, if the executive branch is given too much power to make laws through delegated legislation, it can potentially encroach on the functions of the legislative branch, which is responsible for making laws. This can lead to a situation where the executive branch becomes too powerful and the legislative branch becomes weaker. Overall, the argument against delegated legislation is that it can undermine the principle of separation of powers and lead to a concentration of power in one branch of government, which can be detrimental to democracy and good governance.

A major reason why the warrant chiefs were rejected in Eastern Nigeria was that

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The warrant chiefs were rejected in Eastern Nigeria mainly because the system was not in line with the customary traditions of the people. The warrant chiefs were appointed by the British colonial government and were not chosen by the people themselves, which went against the traditional way of selecting leaders. Additionally, the warrant chiefs were seen as puppets of the colonial government and were not trusted by the local population. This led to a loss of respect for the chiefs and their authority, ultimately leading to their rejection. It is worth noting that issues such as the educational level or ethnicity of the chiefs were not the main reasons for their rejection.

Nigeria's ideal of Africa as the centerpiece of her foreign policy includes all the following except

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Nigeria's ideal of Africa as the centerpiece of her foreign policy does not include the support for Apartheid policy in South Africa. Nigeria was one of the leading African countries that opposed the Apartheid policy in South Africa, and even imposed economic sanctions on South Africa to end the policy. The other options, promoting African unity, creating more Nigerian missions in Africa, and settling disputes in Africa, are part of Nigeria's ideal of Africa as the centerpiece of her foreign policy. Nigeria's foreign policy towards Africa is based on the principle of Pan-Africanism, which seeks to promote the unity and development of Africa.

The three main contesting issues about revenue allocation in Nigeria are

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The three main contesting issues about revenue allocation in Nigeria are derivation, population, and even development. Derivation refers to the extent to which oil-producing states receive a larger share of the revenue generated from oil sales. Population refers to the argument that states with larger populations should receive a larger share of the revenue to meet the needs of their people. Even development refers to the argument that all states should receive an equal share of the revenue to ensure that there is balanced development across the country. These issues have been a source of ongoing debate and controversy in Nigeria, with various groups advocating for different approaches to revenue allocation.

The dissolution of parliament is usually following by a

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The dissolution of parliament is usually followed by a general election. When a parliament is dissolved, it means that all the members of parliament leave their positions, and new elections are held to choose new members. Therefore, a general election is the process by which citizens in a country vote to choose their representatives in parliament, usually after the dissolution of the previous parliament. This process ensures that citizens have a say in who represents them in the parliament and makes important decisions on their behalf.

Baron Montesquieu was noted for the theory of

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Baron Montesquieu was noted for the theory of "separation of powers." This theory suggests that the powers of the government should be divided into three separate branches: the legislative, executive, and judiciary. Each branch should have its own distinct powers and responsibilities, and no single branch should be able to control or dominate the others. This system of checks and balances helps to prevent abuses of power and protects the rights and freedoms of the citizens.

The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) collapsed because of

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The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) was formed in 1934 to fight for political representation and social justice for Nigerians, particularly the youth. However, the movement collapsed because of leadership struggle among its leaders who could not agree on the best way to achieve the goals of the movement. This led to factionalism and infighting which weakened the movement and made it ineffective. Additionally, there were allegations of corruption and nepotism within the leadership which further eroded the trust and support of the members. The government ban on the press also contributed to the decline of the movement as it was unable to disseminate information and mobilize the public effectively. All these factors ultimately led to the collapse of the Nigerian Youth Movement.

Which of the following is a demerit of bicameral legislature?

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One demerit of bicameral legislature is that passing of bills into acts is delayed. A bicameral legislature is a system of government in which the legislative branch of government is divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses. In such a system, bills must pass through both chambers before they can be enacted into law. The process of passing bills through two chambers can be time-consuming and lead to delays. If there is disagreement between the two chambers, the bill may need to be amended or renegotiated, which can further prolong the process. As a result, bicameral legislatures may not be as efficient in passing laws as unicameral legislatures. Therefore, of the four options given, passing of bills into acts being delayed is a demerit of bicameral legislature, while the scope for political participation being limited, no safeguard for the minority groups, and there is tendency for despotic rule are not demerits of bicameral legislature.

The office of the ombudsman is created to acts as

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The office of the ombudsman is created to act as an agency to redress maladministration. An ombudsman is a public official appointed to investigate complaints made by citizens against the government, public authorities, or corporations. The office of the ombudsman serves as an intermediary between the government and the citizens, ensuring that government agencies act in accordance with the law and do not violate the rights of the people. The ombudsman investigates complaints of maladministration, such as abuse of power, failure to provide a service, or procedural irregularities, and makes recommendations for redress. The ombudsman is an important component of good governance, as it promotes accountability, transparency, and responsiveness in government.

A multi-party system often leads to the formation of

Maelezo ya Majibu

A multi-party system often leads to the formation of a coalition government. In a multi-party system, there are usually several political parties, each with their own agenda and support base. If no single party can secure a majority of seats in the legislative body, then the parties may choose to form a coalition government in order to govern effectively. A coalition government is formed when two or more political parties come together to form a majority and govern collectively. The parties in the coalition government agree to work together and share power and responsibilities, often by dividing up ministerial positions and agreeing on a common policy agenda. A coalition government can provide greater stability and represent a wider range of interests than a single-party government. However, it can also be challenging to maintain a cohesive and effective government when parties have different ideologies and goals.

In Nigeria, the concurrent list of powers belongs to the

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In Nigeria, the concurrent list of powers belongs to the federal and state governments. The concurrent list is a category of legislative powers that are shared between the federal government and the state governments. This means that both the federal and state governments have the authority to make laws and regulations in these areas. Some of the items on the concurrent list include agriculture, health, education, and transportation, among others. This means that both the federal and state governments can create laws and policies related to these areas, as long as they do not conflict with each other or with any laws created by the federal government. The concurrent list is important because it allows for a degree of flexibility and decentralization in the Nigerian government. It allows for the federal government to set broad policies and standards, while also allowing state governments to tailor those policies to meet the specific needs and circumstances of their states. Overall, the concurrent list of powers in Nigeria helps to ensure that both the federal and state governments have the authority to create laws and policies that benefit their citizens, while also promoting a unified and cohesive national government.

Which of the following is an organ of the United Nations Organization (UNO)?

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The Security Council is an organ of the United Nations Organization (UNO). It is responsible for maintaining international peace and security by identifying threats to peace and resolving conflicts. The Security Council has 15 members, five of which are permanent (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 are non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. The Security Council has the power to impose sanctions and authorize the use of force to maintain peace and security.

A constitution that has special rules for its amendment is said to be

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A constitution that has special rules for its amendment is said to be rigid. This means that the process of amending the constitution is difficult and requires more than just a simple majority vote in the legislature. The purpose of having special rules for amendment is to protect the constitution from being easily changed by those in power, and to ensure that any changes made reflect the will of the people and the nation as a whole. This often involves requiring a supermajority vote, a national referendum, or other specific requirements in order to amend the constitution. Rigid constitutions are often found in federal systems where there is a need to balance the powers of the central government with those of the states or regions.

A citizen can participate in the politics of his country by

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A major weakness of a one - party system is that it

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A one-party system is a type of political system where only one political party has the legal right to form the government. One major weakness of such a system is that it encourages the emergence of dictators. This is because there is no opposition party to provide checks and balances, and the ruling party can easily become authoritarian and suppress dissenting voices. Without competition, there is little incentive for the ruling party to act in the best interests of the people, and leaders may become more focused on retaining power than serving the needs of the population. Overall, a one-party system undermines the principles of democracy and can lead to abuses of power.

When there is a second chamber in a federal state, it

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In a federal state, a second chamber usually serves as a check on the power of the lower house, which represents the people. The second chamber may have different representation or powers than the lower house, and this helps to balance the interests of the various states or regions within the federation. Therefore, it can be said that the second chamber makes up for the imbalance in the representation in the lower house.

A practice by which semi autonomous units are given part of governmental powers and functions is known as

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The practice by which semi-autonomous units are given part of governmental powers and functions is known as devolution. Devolution is the transfer of powers and responsibilities from a central government to subnational or local governments. This allows these subnational units to have more control and autonomy over matters that affect them directly, such as healthcare, education, and local infrastructure. Devolution can also help to promote regional development and provide more responsive and effective governance at the local level.

One of the arguments against delegated legislation is that it

Maelezo ya Majibu

Delegated legislation is a type of legislation that allows the government or other bodies to make laws without the direct involvement of parliament. One of the arguments against delegated legislation is that it goes against the principle of separation of powers. This principle states that the powers of government should be separated into three branches: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. Each branch should have separate and distinct powers, and there should be a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch becomes too powerful. Delegated legislation allows the executive branch to make laws, which can encroach on the powers of the legislature and undermine the system of checks and balances. This can lead to an imbalance of power, with the executive branch becoming too dominant. Additionally, delegated legislation can be used to promote limited government, which means that the government has limited powers and should not interfere in the lives of citizens more than necessary. However, this can also mean that the government is not able to respond to changing circumstances or address important issues that require new laws. Finally, delegated legislation can be time-consuming and wasteful, as it requires the attention of both the executive and the legislature. This can slow down the legislative process and lead to delays in passing important laws.

The first agent of political socialization is

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The first agent of political socialization is the family. This is because the family is the first social group a child encounters and it is where the child learns basic values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors that shape their understanding of the world. In the family, children learn about their cultural heritage, family values, and norms, and how to interact with others in society. As such, the family plays a crucial role in shaping a child's political beliefs and values by introducing them to concepts like citizenship, democracy, and political participation.

Which of the following Nigerian constitutions brought the Northern Provinces into the Legislative Council?

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The Richards Constitution is the Nigerian constitution that brought the Northern Provinces into the Legislative Council. The Richards Constitution was enacted in 1946 and introduced a new system of government for Nigeria, which included the establishment of a federal system of government, with three regions: Northern, Western, and Eastern. Prior to the enactment of the Richards Constitution, the Northern Provinces were not represented in the Legislative Council. The Constitution created a central legislative council for Nigeria, with members appointed by the Governor, and a regional house of assembly for each of the three regions, which were partly elected and partly appointed. The Richards Constitution provided the Northern Provinces with limited representation in the Legislative Council, which was a significant development towards greater political representation and participation for the region.

Among the Yoruba, the presentation of parrot egg to the Oba indicates

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A major function of public corporation is to

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A major function of a public corporation is to provide certain essential services for all. Public corporations are established by the government to provide necessary goods or services to the public, which may not be possible for private companies to provide. These services may include healthcare, education, transportation, utilities, and other services that are deemed essential for the well-being of society. Public corporations are also responsible for collecting revenue for the government, but their primary function is to serve the public by providing necessary goods and services.

Which of the following best describe an absolute monarchy?

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Under a two - party system, the opposition party is as important as the ruling party because it

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Under a two-party system, the opposition party is as important as the ruling party because it serves as the alternative government. In a two-party system, the majority of the seats in parliament are held by members of the two main parties. This means that the opposition party represents a significant portion of the electorate and has a role to play in holding the ruling party accountable. The opposition party serves as a check on the ruling party, questioning their policies and decisions, and holding them accountable for their actions. This helps to prevent the ruling party from becoming too dominant and abusing their power. The opposition party can also propose alternative policies and ideas, providing voters with a choice between different visions for the country. Moreover, the opposition party can help to force the government to resign in cases of major policy failures or scandals. This ensures that the government remains accountable to the people and can be held responsible for its actions. Overall, the opposition party plays a critical role in a two-party system, providing a check on the ruling party and serving as the alternative government. Without a strong opposition party, the ruling party may become too powerful and abuse its power, leading to a breakdown of democracy.

Which of following statements best describes an unwritten constitution?

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An unwritten constitution is a type of constitution where the body of rules and laws cannot all be found in a single document. It refers to a constitution that has not been codified or written down in one comprehensive document, but instead derives from a combination of sources such as court judgments, conventions, and past practices. In an unwritten constitution, the source of the constitution is not from a single document, but rather from a collection of laws, precedents, and customs that have developed over time. This is different from a written constitution, where the body of rules and laws is contained in a single document.

In pre-colonial West Africa no centralized political administration existed among the

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The organ of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) responsible for the appointment of the Secretary-General is the

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The organ of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) responsible for the appointment of the Secretary-General is the Assembly of the Heads of State and Governments. The Secretary-General is the chief administrative officer of the OAU and is responsible for managing its day-to-day affairs. The Assembly, which consists of the heads of state and government of member countries, is the highest decision-making body of the OAU. As such, it has the authority to appoint the Secretary-General, who serves as the principal liaison between the OAU and member states, as well as with other international organizations. The Assembly may also assign the Secretary-General additional responsibilities as necessary.

Rule by decrees is associated with

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A citizen can participate loyalty to his nation by

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Judicial independence means that the courts are independent of the

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Judicial independence means that the courts are independent of the executive and the legislature. This means that the judiciary, which includes the judges and the court system, is free from external influence and can make decisions based solely on the law and the facts of the case. The executive branch of government, which includes the President or Prime Minister and their Cabinet, and the legislative branch, which includes the Parliament or Congress, should not be able to control or influence the decisions of the courts. This is important because it ensures that the courts can act as a check and balance on the other branches of government and protect individual rights and liberties. Judicial independence is a key aspect of the rule of law, which is the principle that everyone, including those in power, is subject to the law and must be held accountable for their actions.

A minister controls public corporations by

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A minister controls public corporations by giving general policy directives. As a political head of a ministry, a minister is responsible for setting the overall policy direction for the public corporations that fall under his or her jurisdiction. The minister would work closely with the management of the public corporations to ensure that their operations are aligned with the policy objectives of the government. The minister may also oversee the appointment of the board of directors and top management of the public corporations, and would have the power to make changes if necessary. However, the minister is not expected to undertake day-to-day administration of the corporations or audit their accounts personally. Rather, those tasks are typically delegated to the management and board of directors of the public corporations.

The modern idea of democracy includes all the following except

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The modern idea of democracy is a system of government where citizens have a say in the decisions that affect their lives, and power is exercised through the participation of the people in the process of making decisions. However, democracy does not include unlimited freedom, as it is governed by the rule of law and the protection of individual and minority rights. Therefore, the answer to the question is "unlimited freedom." Democracy seeks to balance freedom with responsibility and accountability in the exercise of power. The other options, including universal suffrage, periodic elections, and equality before the law, are all essential elements of modern democracy.

If the receiving state does not approve a diplomat on account of his past activities, he is considered

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If a receiving state does not approve a diplomat on account of their past activities, the diplomat is considered a persona non grata. This means that the diplomat is unacceptable to the host government and must leave the country. The term is derived from Latin, meaning "an unwelcome person." This action is a serious form of diplomatic protest and is usually taken when there is a major disagreement between the sending and receiving state. Once a diplomat is declared persona non grata, they lose their diplomatic immunity and may be subject to arrest or expulsion from the country.

Under the Independence Constitutions of Nigeria, the Court of Appeal was the

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Carpet-corssing is a characteristic of

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What are the characteristics of feudalism? 
 

Maelezo ya Majibu

None

Enumerate the methods used by pressure groups to achieve their objectives. 
 

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None

State how the British colonial policies contributed to the rise of nationalism in West Africa. 
 

Maelezo ya Majibu

None

How did the people of any one British West African territory govern themselves before the advent of colonial rule?
 

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None

How can the revenue of Local Authorities in your country be improved?
 

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None

What were the causes of the 1975 military coup de'tat in Nigeria? 
 

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None

(a) What is foreign policy?

(b) Outline the basic factors that influence Nigeria's foreign policy. 
 

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None

Why do some countries adopt unitary system of government? 
 

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None

Highlight the functions of the Assembly of Heads of State and Governments of the Organization of African Unity (0.A. U.). 
 

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None

Outline the objectives of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (N.C.N.C.) 
 

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None

Describe the basic features of a democratic state. 
 

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None

Describe the main features of the 1946 Richards Constitution of Nigeria. 
 

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None