JAMB UTME - Geography - 2020

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Karst regions are usually associated with a distinctive type of topography characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems. Karst topography is formed when soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum are slowly dissolved by groundwater, creating a landscape with sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems. This type of topography is typically found in regions with a lot of rainfall and a warm, humid climate, as the water helps to dissolve the rocks and create the distinctive karst features. In contrast, folded environments are characterized by folds and wrinkles in the Earth's crust, formed by the collision of tectonic plates. These environments are typically found in mountain ranges and can be dry or wet, depending on the climate. Faulted topography, on the other hand, is characterized by fractures or breaks in the Earth's crust, resulting in a landscape with cliffs and valleys. This type of topography is typically found in regions that have experienced significant tectonic activity, such as earthquakes. Finally, the dry and wet tropics are characterized by a warm, humid climate and a lot of rainfall, respectively. These environments are typically found near the equator and are home to a diverse range of plant and animal species.

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Broad-leaved evergreens, lianas, and epiphytes are commonly found in tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests are characterized by their high rainfall, warm temperatures, and abundant vegetation. Broad-leaved evergreens are trees that retain their leaves year-round, providing a constant source of food and shelter for wildlife. Lianas are woody vines that climb up trees, sometimes reaching the forest canopy, and epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants for support, but do not take nutrients from them. The other types of vegetation listed are: - Deciduous woodland, which is characterized by trees that lose their leaves in the fall and grow new leaves in the spring. - Chaparral, which is a type of vegetation found in Mediterranean climates and is characterized by tough, leathery leaves and a dense shrub layer. - Boral forest, which is a type of forest found in cool, temperate climates and is characterized by tall, coniferous trees with needle-like leaves.

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Chemical weathering in tropical Africa creates domed rock outcroppings called inselbergs. Inselbergs are isolated hills or mountains that rise abruptly from the surrounding plain. They are formed by the gradual erosion of the surrounding area, which leaves the harder rock of the inselbergs standing above the surrounding landscape. In tropical Africa, the combination of intense rainfall, high temperatures, and strong winds contributes to the process of chemical weathering, which breaks down the rock over time. The result is the creation of these unique landforms, which are often rich in biodiversity and support a variety of plant and animal species.

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A wind vane is used in measuring the direction of wind. It is a simple device that consists of a pointer attached to a rotating pivot, mounted on a flat surface. The pointer aligns itself with the wind direction, which can then be read from a scale attached to the vane. The flat surface is usually mounted on a tall pole or tower, and the whole device is designed to rotate freely so that the pointer always points directly into the wind.

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Specialized cultivation of grapes is associated with Mediterranean regions. The Mediterranean climate, characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters, is ideal for growing grapes. This region has a long history of grape cultivation and is famous for producing some of the world's finest wines. The warm climate allows grapes to ripen fully, developing their flavors and aroma, while the dry conditions help to prevent disease and pests. In Mediterranean regions, grapes are grown in vineyards and are carefully tended to ensure the best possible harvest.

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The drainage pattern of the Gindi river basin is likely to be dendritic. A dendritic drainage pattern is characterized by a network of streams that resemble the branches of a tree, with tributaries joining together to form larger streams, which eventually converge into a main stem. This type of pattern is commonly found in areas with relatively flat terrain and uniform rock types, where streams are able to develop a maze-like network of channels as they meander across the landscape. In a dendritic drainage pattern, the streams follow a random, branching pattern and there is no dominant direction of flow.

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The Florida current is a warm current. A current is a flow of water in the ocean that is driven by various factors such as wind, tides, and differences in water temperature and salinity. The Florida current is a warm current because it flows from the Gulf of Mexico into the Atlantic Ocean, bringing warm water from the Gulf with it. This warm water affects the climate of the east coast of the United States and the Caribbean, making it warmer and more temperate than other areas at similar latitudes. The Florida current is an important component of the Gulf Stream, which is one of the largest ocean currents in the world.

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Dairy farming is commonly practiced in Denmark. Dairy farming is a type of intensive farming where cows are kept in large numbers and are milked to produce dairy products like milk, cheese, and butter. In Denmark, the dairy industry is well developed and advanced, with farmers using the latest technology and techniques to increase milk production and improve the welfare of their cows. The country is known for producing high-quality dairy products and exports them to many other countries.

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"Deforestation" is the term used to describe the massive removal of trees and forest cover without replacement. When large areas of forest are cut down or burned, the trees are gone and the land is often left barren. This can lead to environmental problems such as soil erosion, reduced rainfall, and loss of habitat for wildlife. It can also contribute to climate change because trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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In the Niger Delta, the features that are clearly visible are "mangrove trees, salt-water swamps and reddish sandy beaches". The Niger Delta is a region located in the southern part of Nigeria, at the mouth of the Niger River where it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It is an area of high biodiversity, with a unique ecosystem that includes mangrove forests, salt-water swamps, and sandy beaches with a reddish tint. The mangrove trees provide important habitat for wildlife, while the salt-water swamps and sandy beaches are also important habitats for various species of fish, birds, and other animals.

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The most important group of factors that is likely to influence industrial location is raw materials, energy, and market. Raw materials are the primary inputs needed for industrial production and their availability and proximity to the factory can affect the location decision. Energy, in the form of electricity or fuel, is also important for industrial operations and its cost and availability can be a determining factor in the location choice. Market refers to the demand for the products being produced, and the location should be chosen based on the proximity to the target market. These factors are crucial in the decision-making process for industrial location as they determine the costs and feasibility of production, and the potential for sales and profit.

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Togo is known for the mining of phosphates. Phosphates are minerals that contain the element phosphorus, which is an important component of fertilizers used to help plants grow. Togo has deposits of phosphates in its soil, and the mining of these minerals is an important industry in the country. The phosphates are extracted from the ground, processed, and then sold to countries around the world for use in agriculture. This helps to support the Togolese economy and provide jobs for people in the country.

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Mercury takes 88 Earth days to make a complete revolution around the sun. This means that it takes 88 Earth days for Mercury to return to the same position in its orbit. To put it simply, think of it as the time it takes for Mercury to make one trip around the sun.

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The rise in the population of an area can be measured by adding the natural increase to the net migration. Natural increase refers to the number of births minus the number of deaths in a population. Net migration refers to the difference between the number of people moving into an area and the number of people moving out of an area. By adding the natural increase to the net migration, you get the overall change in the population of an area. This number represents the total number of people added to or subtracted from the population due to both births and migration.

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The industry that is best located near the source of raw materials is the petroleum refinery. This is because petroleum, which is the main raw material used in this industry, is a non-renewable resource that is found underground. It is often located in remote areas and must be transported long distances to the refinery for processing. By being located near the source of the raw material, the costs of transportation and processing are reduced, making it more cost-effective for the refinery. This is why it is often advantageous for a petroleum refinery to be located near oil fields or oil drilling sites.

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The environmental hazard that does not belong in the list is "afforestation." Afforestation is the process of planting trees and forests, which can help to mitigate the effects of other environmental hazards like soil erosion and climate change. It is not a hazard in and of itself. The other three items in the list are all environmental hazards: - Flooding is the overflow of water from a river or other body of water that can cause damage to buildings, crops, and infrastructure. - Vulcanicity refers to volcanic activity, which can have devastating impacts on local communities, including the release of ash and toxic gases, as well as the risk of lava flows and mudflows. - Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests, which can have negative impacts on the environment, including soil erosion, loss of habitat for wildlife, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.

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Low birth rate and low death rate are population characteristics that are associated with developed countries. Developed countries typically have access to advanced healthcare, education, and family planning services. As a result, people in these countries tend to have fewer children and live longer, healthier lives. This leads to a low birth rate and a low death rate, which results in a stable or even declining population. On the other hand, developing countries often lack access to healthcare and education, leading to high birth rates and high death rates, resulting in a rapidly growing population.

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The largest and most developed industrial regions in the world are typically Western Europe and the United States of America. These regions have a long history of industrialization, and their economies are heavily dependent on manufacturing and production. They are home to some of the largest corporations in the world and have well-developed infrastructure, including transportation networks, which support their industries. Japan and Australia also have significant industrial sectors, particularly in areas such as automotive manufacturing, electronics, and heavy industry. However, they are smaller compared to the industrial powerhouses of Western Europe and the United States. The Ruhr industrial region and South Africa have also developed strong industrial sectors, particularly in areas such as mining and heavy industry. However, they are relatively smaller compared to the other regions mentioned above. Africa and the Caribbean, on the other hand, have less developed industrial sectors, although there are some areas that are beginning to see growth and development in industries such as textiles, agriculture, and natural resources extraction. However, these regions face a number of challenges, including inadequate infrastructure and limited access to capital and technology, which limit their industrial growth.

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The Red Sea has the highest salinity. This is because it is a closed sea with a limited connection to the ocean and a high rate of evaporation, which results in a buildup of salt. The high salinity levels in the Red Sea make it unique compared to other seas and can affect the types of marine life that can survive in its waters.

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The temperature at which condensation occurs when air is saturated is the dew point. The dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor in the air condenses into liquid form, forming dew on surfaces such as grass or other objects. This typically occurs when the air cools down, either through contact with a cool surface or through a reduction in air pressure. When the temperature of the air reaches the dew point, any additional cooling will cause the water vapor in the air to condense into liquid form. The dew point is an important concept in meteorology, as it provides information about the amount of moisture in the air and the likelihood of precipitation.

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The Oke-Hatis Road passes through the floodable plain of River Haba by means of an embankment. An embankment is a raised structure built along the side of a road to prevent it from being flooded during heavy rain or high water levels in nearby rivers. The road is constructed on top of the embankment, which acts as a barrier to keep the water out and ensure that the road remains accessible even during heavy rainfall. This helps to ensure the safety of drivers and passengers, as well as maintaining access to the area for commerce and transportation.