JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

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The base 10 system, also known as the decimal system, is unique because it is the most widely used number system in the world and has been adopted by nearly all cultures and civilizations. The reason for this widespread usage is that it is based on the number of human fingers, with 10 being the number of digits on two hands. This made it a convenient and intuitive system for early humans to count and perform mathematical operations with. Additionally, the base 10 system allows for easy representation of numbers using only 10 symbols (0 to 9), making it simple to write, communicate, and perform mathematical operations with larger numbers.

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The most basic network is a Personal Area Network or PAN. A PAN is a network that connects devices located within a relatively small area, typically within a person's personal space. This can include devices like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other wearable devices. A PAN can be created using different types of technologies like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, which allow devices to communicate with each other and share resources such as files, internet connection, and printers, among others. For example, if you have a smartphone and a wireless headset, you can create a PAN by connecting your phone to the headset via Bluetooth. This allows you to make and receive phone calls hands-free. In summary, a PAN is the most basic network as it connects devices within a small personal area and is easy to set up and use. It is the foundation upon which larger and more complex networks like LAN, WAN, and MAN are built.

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The correct answer is "F." In the hexadecimal number system, there are 16 possible digits that can be used to represent a value. Since we only have 10 Arabic numerals (0-9) to work with, we need to use letters to represent the remaining six digits. In hexadecimal notation, after 9 comes A, followed by B, C, D, E, and finally F. So the complete set of hexadecimal digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Therefore, the correct answer is F.

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An ATM, or Automated Teller Machine, is typically used for withdrawing cash. It is a machine that allows customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, such as withdrawing cash, checking their account balance, or depositing money, without the need to visit a bank branch. ATMs are widely available and can be found in many public places such as shopping centers, airports, and gas stations. They provide customers with convenient access to their money 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

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System software can further be classified into two categories: Operating software and Utility software. Operating software, also known as an Operating System (OS), is the main type of software that controls and manages all the other software and hardware on a computer. It acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the applications you use. Examples of operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Linux. Utility software, on the other hand, is a type of system software designed to help manage, maintain, and optimize the computer system. Examples of utility software include anti-virus software, file management systems, and storage management software. These types of software provide specific functions that help you keep your computer running smoothly and efficiently.

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Computer software can be classified into two main parts: system software and application software. 1. System software: This type of software includes the programs that control the hardware components of a computer system and provide a platform for running other software applications. Examples of system software include operating systems, device drivers, utility programs, and firmware. 2. Application software: This type of software is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user. Application software can be further classified into two subcategories: general-purpose applications and specialized applications. Examples of general-purpose applications include word processors, spreadsheets, and web browsers, while examples of specialized applications include graphics software, database software, and video editing software. In summary, computer software can be classified into two main parts: system software and application software. The system software controls the hardware and provides a platform for running other software applications, while application software is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user.

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Applications on a screen are displayed by icons. An icon is a small graphical representation of a program or file. It serves as a visual shortcut to launch the program or open the file. When you tap or click on the icon, the associated application or file opens. Icons are usually displayed on the home screen or app drawer, which are part of the graphical user interface of a device. The home screen is the main screen where you can see all your apps and shortcuts, while the app drawer is a menu that contains all the apps installed on your device.

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Computer applications are an example of software. Software refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are specific types of software that are designed to perform particular tasks or solve particular problems. Examples of computer applications include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games. Computer applications are different from computer hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. Computer utilities and program packages are different types of software that can be used to manage and maintain a computer system, but they are not the same as computer applications, which are designed for specific tasks and are often used by end-users. In summary, computer applications are a type of software, which refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are designed to perform specific tasks or solve specific problems, and examples include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games.

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The type of network that is usually contained inside one office building is called a Local Area Network or LAN. A LAN is a computer network that connects devices within a relatively small area, such as a single building, office, or campus. It is designed to allow computers and other devices to communicate with each other and share resources, such as printers, files, and internet access. LANs are typically owned and operated by a single organization, such as a business or government agency, and are often built using Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi technology. LANs are used to facilitate communication and data sharing between employees within an office building or other confined area, and are often more secure than other types of networks because they are not connected to the internet. In summary, a LAN is the type of network that you would most commonly find inside one office building.

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Computer softwares like iOS, Ubuntu, Chrome OS are classified as operating systems, also known as system software. An operating system is a type of software that acts as the backbone of a computer, managing its resources and allowing other software to run on it. It controls the hardware, such as the CPU, memory, and storage, and provides a platform for other software to run on. This includes basic functions like managing files, running applications, and providing access to the internet. In short, the operating system is what makes a computer work and provides a foundation for other software to run on.

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The arrow displayed on the screen of a computer is called a "Cursor". The cursor is a graphical representation of the position where text or data can be inserted or edited on the computer screen. It is typically displayed as a blinking vertical line, a block or a underline depending on the type of application or software being used. The cursor can be moved around the screen using the computer mouse, touchpad, or keyboard keys. When the cursor is moved, the text or data following it also moves accordingly. The term "pointer" can also refer to the arrow displayed on the screen, but it is a more general term that can refer to any graphical element used to indicate a position or selection on the screen. The term "indicator" is less commonly used and generally refers to a specific type of visual cue used to provide information to the user.

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The option that is not used to navigate in a computer is the scanner. A scanner is a device used to convert physical documents and images into digital format so that they can be stored and processed on a computer. It is not used to navigate a computer, but rather to input physical content into it. On the other hand, the cursor, keyboard, and mouse are all used for navigating a computer. The cursor, typically controlled by a mouse, touchpad or trackpad, allows you to select items and move around the screen. The keyboard is used to input text and commands, and the mouse is used to click and drag items on the screen. So in summary, the scanner is not used for navigating a computer, whereas the cursor, keyboard, and mouse are commonly used for this purpose.

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The name of a user account can be changed from the Control Panel in most operating systems, including Windows and macOS. In Windows, you can access the Control Panel by clicking on the Start menu and selecting "Control Panel" from the list of options. Once in the Control Panel, you can navigate to the "User Accounts" section and select the user account whose name you want to change. From there, you can click on the "Change your account name" option and enter the new name for the account. Similarly, in macOS, you can access the System Preferences by clicking on the Apple menu and selecting "System Preferences" from the list of options. Once in the System Preferences, you can navigate to the "Users & Groups" section and select the user account whose name you want to change. From there, you can click on the "Full Name" field and enter the new name for the account. In summary, the name of a user account can be changed from the Control Panel or System Preferences of your operating system. The exact steps to do so may vary slightly depending on the operating system, but in general, you can navigate to the "User Accounts" or "Users & Groups" section and select the account whose name you want to change.

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The set of rules that defines the combination of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured statements or expressions in a language is called Syntax. Think of syntax as the grammar of a language. Just like in English, there are certain rules that dictate what combinations of words and punctuation are considered to be a proper sentence, in programming languages there are rules that dictate what combinations of symbols and syntax are considered to be a proper statement or expression. The syntax of a language determines how code should be written in order for it to be properly understood by the computer and executed as intended.

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An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages a computer's hardware and software resources. Simply put, it acts as a bridge between the computer's hardware and the applications you run on it. An operating system is responsible for several important tasks, including: - Memory Management: It manages the computer's memory and makes sure that programs are running efficiently and that there's enough memory available when you need it. - File Management: It keeps track of all the files on the computer and organizes them in a way that makes it easy for you to find what you need. - Application Management: It launches and runs the applications you want to use and ensures that they run smoothly and don't interfere with each other. In short, an operating system is like a traffic cop for your computer, making sure that everything runs smoothly and efficiently.

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The permanent memory built into a computer is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). It is called "read-only" because, unlike RAM (Random Access Memory), which can be written to and rewritten, the information stored in ROM cannot be changed by the computer or the user. ROM is a type of memory that is built into the computer's hardware and contains the basic instructions that the computer needs to boot up and run its basic functions. These instructions are often referred to as the "firmware" of the computer, and include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) that controls the startup process, as well as other low-level software that interacts directly with the computer's hardware. CD-ROM, on the other hand, is a type of storage medium that can be used to store data or programs, but it is not built into the computer itself. CDs and DVDs can be used to store data, programs, or other types of media, but they are not considered a type of permanent memory built into the computer.

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Out of the given options, Dynamic RAM (DRAM) must be refreshed many times per second. DRAM is a type of computer memory that stores data in a capacitor within each memory cell. The capacitor can hold a charge, representing either a 0 or 1, but it gradually leaks over time, meaning that the data will eventually fade away. To prevent this data loss, the memory controller sends a refresh command to the DRAM chip many times per second. This refresh command recharges the capacitors in the memory cells to maintain the data stored in them. In contrast, Static RAM (SRAM) does not require refreshing, as it uses a different type of storage element that does not leak charge like a capacitor. EPROM and ROM are non-volatile memory types, meaning that they retain data even without power, and do not require refreshing.

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The Java interpreter translates a Java program from its original form, which is a high-level programming language, into a special type of code called "bytecode." Bytecode is a low-level code that is specific to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is a software layer that sits between the Java program and the computer's hardware. When a Java program is compiled, it is translated into bytecode rather than machine language. Bytecode is a form of binary code that is designed to be portable across different platforms, meaning that it can run on any computer that has a JVM installed, regardless of the specific hardware or operating system. So, to summarize, the Java interpreter translates a Java program from a high-level programming language into bytecode, which is a low-level binary code that is specific to the JVM. The bytecode can then be executed by the JVM on any computer that has it installed.

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MS-DOS cannot be categorized as an application software. MS-DOS is an operating system, not an application. An operating system is the underlying software that manages and controls the hardware and software resources of a computer. An application software, on the other hand, is a program designed to perform a specific task, such as word processing, spreadsheets, or database management.

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CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is the primary component of a computer system that carries out instructions of a computer program. The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, as it performs the majority of the calculations and operations that are necessary for the computer to function. The CPU is responsible for fetching instructions from the computer's memory, decoding those instructions, executing them, and then storing the results back in memory. It is made up of several sub-components, including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) which performs mathematical operations, and the control unit (CU) which manages the flow of data and instructions within the CPU and to other parts of the computer system.

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Working online requires proper etiquette or "netiquette" to maintain a positive and professional atmosphere. Here are some general guidelines to follow: 1. Be respectful: Always communicate in a respectful manner. Avoid using harsh or offensive language, and be mindful of cultural differences. 2. Be mindful of your tone: It's important to communicate in a tone that's appropriate for the situation. If you're sending an email or message, make sure the tone is professional. 3. Be punctual: Time management is key. Be punctual when it comes to meetings and deadlines. 4. Be organized: Keep your digital files organized and ensure that you're using appropriate naming conventions. This will make it easier for others to find what they need. 5. Be secure: Protect your digital assets by using strong passwords and secure file sharing methods. 6. Respect privacy: Be mindful of other people's privacy, including their personal information and confidential data. 7. Be mindful of online piracy: Do not engage in any form of online piracy, including sharing copyrighted materials without permission. Remember, the online world is just as important as the physical one. Maintaining proper netiquette can help you build a positive and professional reputation, and make you more successful in your online endeavors.

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The permanent memory that has data and instructions to start up the computer and does not erase data after power off is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). ROM is a type of computer memory that is pre-programmed with data and instructions during manufacturing. This means that once the data and instructions are written into ROM, they cannot be changed or erased, hence the name "read-only". When you turn on your computer, the CPU (central processing unit) looks to the ROM for the instructions on how to boot up the computer. These instructions include basic input/output system (BIOS) code that checks the hardware components to make sure they are working properly, and then loads the operating system from the hard drive or another storage device. The data and instructions stored in ROM are not affected by power outages or restarts, meaning that they are retained even when the computer is turned off. This is why ROM is called non-volatile memory. In summary, ROM is a type of permanent memory that contains data and instructions to start up a computer and does not lose this information when the computer is turned off.

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Sheet tabs in Microsoft Excel can be renamed by double-clicking on the sheet tab and entering the new name. To do this, simply click on the sheet tab that you want to rename and wait for it to become active. Then, double-click on the tab, and the name will become editable. Type in the new name you want for the sheet and press the Enter key or click outside the tab to save the changes.

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The term that describes accessing files from a computer other than the one where the files are stored is "remote access". Remote access means that you can access files, data or resources from a different computer or server that is located elsewhere, using a network connection like the internet. This allows you to work with files and data as if they were stored on your local computer, even though they are actually stored on a different computer or server. For example, if you are working from home and need to access files that are stored on your work computer, you can use remote access to connect to your work computer over the internet and access those files. Similarly, if you use cloud storage services like Dropbox or Google Drive, you can access your files from any computer with an internet connection, which is also a form of remote access.

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The type of storage that retains data even when the power is turned off is called non-volatile storage. Non-volatile storage is different from volatile storage, which loses all data when the power is turned off. To help you understand the difference, imagine that you have two types of memory: a whiteboard and a notebook. The whiteboard is like volatile memory because anything you write on it will disappear as soon as you erase it or turn off the lights. On the other hand, the notebook is like non-volatile memory because anything you write in it will remain there until you deliberately erase or destroy it. Similarly, non-volatile storage, such as hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and flash drives, can retain data even when the power is turned off. This is because the data is stored using physical means that do not require an electrical charge to be maintained. In contrast, volatile storage, such as RAM, loses all data when the power is turned off because the data is stored using electrical charges that require a constant supply of power to be maintained. Overall, non-volatile storage is essential for long-term data storage because it can retain data even in the absence of power, whereas volatile storage is useful for short-term storage of data that does not need to be preserved beyond the current session or power cycle.

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Binary coded decimals (BCD) numbers express each digit as a nibble. A nibble is a group of 4 bits, which can represent 16 distinct values (0-15). In BCD, each decimal digit is encoded using a separate nibble, where each nibble represents the binary equivalent of the digit. For example, the decimal number 123 would be represented in BCD as four nibbles: 0001 (1), 0010 (2), 0011 (3), and 0011 (3). Using a nibble to represent each digit is a simple and efficient way to encode decimal numbers in binary form. BCD is commonly used in computer systems where decimal arithmetic is required, such as in financial calculations or in control systems where numerical values need to be displayed on digital screens. In summary, BCD numbers express each decimal digit as a nibble, allowing for efficient and accurate representation of decimal numbers in binary form.

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The key that deletes text is the backspace key. When you type, the characters you enter are added to the right of the cursor, which shows you where the next character will be inserted. If you want to delete a character, you can move the cursor to the left of that character using the arrow keys, and then press the backspace key. This will remove the character to the left of the cursor. You can also use the backspace key to delete a selection of text. To do this, you first need to highlight the text you want to delete by clicking and dragging the cursor over it. Once the text is highlighted, you can press the backspace key to delete it. In summary, the backspace key is used to delete characters to the left of the cursor or to delete a selected portion of text.

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The operating system controls the way in which a computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer. The operating system (OS) is a type of software that manages and controls the hardware and software resources of a computer system. It provides a common platform for different types of applications to run on the computer and enables users to interact with the computer by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command line interface (CLI). The operating system performs various tasks, such as managing the computer's memory, processing input and output requests, controlling peripheral devices, and providing a file system for storing and retrieving data. It also provides security features, such as user authentication and access control, to protect the computer system from unauthorized access. The operating system is a fundamental component of any computer system, and it enables users to interact with the computer by providing a user-friendly interface. It acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the applications, making it possible for different programs to run on the same computer and share resources such as memory, CPU time, and disk space. In summary, the operating system is the software that controls the way in which a computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer, by managing and controlling the hardware and software resources of the system and providing a platform for different types of applications to run.

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In COBOL, CO stands for "Common Business Oriented Language". COBOL is a programming language that was designed specifically for business applications, such as finance, accounting, and payroll. COBOL was first developed in the late 1950s, and it quickly became popular in the business world because it was easy to use and understand, and it could handle large amounts of data. The "common" part of the acronym refers to the fact that COBOL was intended to be a language that could be used by a wide range of businesses, regardless of their specific industry or application. The "business-oriented" part of the acronym emphasizes the language's focus on business data and processing.

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The process of feeding instructions into a computer system is called "inputting." It involves providing data, commands, or other types of information to a computer system so that it can process and execute the instructions. When you input data or commands into a computer system, you typically use an input device such as a keyboard, mouse, or microphone to provide the information. The computer then processes the input data using its internal logic and algorithms, and generates an output based on the instructions it received. For example, when you type a document using a keyboard and input the data into a word processing software, the computer processes the text and generates an output in the form of a document that you can save, print, or share. In summary, inputting is the process of providing information or instructions to a computer system, which is then processed and executed by the computer to generate an output.

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Internet Explorer is a web browser that is used to view web pages on the internet. It allows users to access different websites and view the content on those sites, such as text, images, videos, and other media. Internet Explorer is designed to make it easy for users to navigate the internet by providing tools such as search bars, bookmarks, and tabs. While it may be possible to play movies or music within Internet Explorer, its primary purpose is to browse the internet and display web pages.

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The touchpad of a laptop serves the same function as a mouse. A touchpad is a flat surface on the laptop that you can slide your finger on to move the cursor on the screen. Just like a mouse, you can use the touchpad to select, click, and scroll. It provides an alternative to using a traditional mouse for navigation on the laptop.

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The stage of system development cycle that is not commonly considered is "Observation". The typical stages of the system development cycle are planning, analysis, design, implementation, and testing. During the planning stage, the requirements and objectives of the system are identified. In the analysis stage, the requirements are studied in detail, and the feasibility of the system is determined. The design stage involves creating a blueprint for the system, including its architecture, interfaces, and data structures. During implementation, the system is built and the design is turned into a working system. Testing involves checking the system's performance and identifying any errors or bugs that need to be fixed. Observation is not usually considered a distinct stage in the system development cycle, but it can be seen as a part of testing or implementation. Observation involves monitoring the system after it has been implemented to ensure that it is working as intended and to identify any issues that need to be addressed.

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Running other software on an idle computer without the knowledge of the organization is called theft of computer time. This means that the person is using the resources (e.g. processing power, memory, storage) of the computer without permission, which can slow down the performance of the computer and potentially interfere with the work of others. This unauthorized use of resources can be seen as equivalent to theft, since the person is taking something (in this case, computer time) without permission.

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A computer file is a place on a computer where information is stored in a package. A file can contain many different types of information, including text, images, audio, video, and executable programs. The information in a file is organized in a specific format, and the file can be opened and edited using appropriate software. For example, a text file contains plain text, while a Word document file contains formatted text and other elements like images and tables. A file is often saved with a specific name and extension that identifies the type of file and the type of information it contains. The extension is the part of the file name that comes after the dot, such as ".txt" for a plain text file or ".docx" for a Microsoft Word document file.

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The illegal access to a network or computer system is called hacking. Hacking refers to unauthorized access to a computer system or network with the intention of compromising its security and potentially causing harm. This can include stealing sensitive information, installing malicious software, or disrupting the normal functioning of the system. Hacking is illegal and can result in serious consequences for the hacker, such as fines and imprisonment. It is important for individuals and organizations to take steps to secure their networks and systems to prevent unauthorized access.

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Word processor, spreadsheets, database, graphics and presentation software are all examples of application packages. Application packages are software programs designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user. They are also known as "applications" or "apps" for short. Each of the software examples mentioned - word processor, spreadsheets, database, graphics, and presentation software - have a specific function and are designed to make tasks related to those functions easier for the user. For instance, a word processor is designed to create, edit and format text documents, while a spreadsheet program is designed to perform calculations and data analysis. Database software is designed to store, organize and retrieve large amounts of data, while graphics software is designed to create and edit visual elements such as images and videos. Presentation software is designed to create slideshows and presentations. Overall, application packages are a type of software that provides users with specific tools to perform tasks more efficiently and effectively.

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The joystick typically has a button on top, used to select the option pointed by the cursor. A joystick is an input device that allows a user to control the movement of a cursor on a screen or to interact with a virtual environment or game. The joystick typically has a stick or lever that can be moved in different directions to control the movement of the cursor. The button on the top of the joystick is used to select the option that the cursor is pointing to on the screen. This button is commonly referred to as the "trigger" button, and it allows the user to perform actions such as selecting a menu option, firing a weapon in a game, or interacting with objects in a virtual environment. Overall, the joystick and its trigger button provide a simple and intuitive way for users to interact with software and games, making them a popular input device for a wide range of applications.

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Large retailers use data mining to study trends. Data mining is the process of analyzing large amounts of data and identifying patterns and trends in that data to make informed decisions. This can involve looking at customer behavior, sales data, market trends, and other types of data to gain insights into what products are popular, what customers are looking for, and how the market is changing. The goal of data mining is to help retailers make informed decisions about their business and stay ahead of the competition.