JAMB UTME - Government - 2023

Which political party was known for its socialist ideology and populist policies in the 1980s?

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The political party that was known for its socialist ideology and populist policies in the 1980s is the People's Redemption Party (PRP).
The PRP believed in a socialist approach to governance, which means they advocated for a more equal distribution of wealth and resources among the people. They believed that the government should play a key role in providing social services and ensuring that everyone had access to basic necessities like education, healthcare, and housing.
Furthermore, the PRP also implemented populist policies, which means they aimed to appeal to the interests and concerns of the common people. They focused on addressing issues that directly affected the masses, such as poverty, unemployment, and corruption.
By adopting socialist ideology and populist policies, the PRP aimed to create a more equitable society and improve the lives of ordinary Nigerians.

In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the

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In a parliamentary system, the head of government is usually the prime minister.
The prime minister is the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority in the parliament. They are responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the government and making important decisions.
Unlike a president, who is elected separately from the parliament, the prime minister is chosen by the members of the parliament. This means that the prime minister is accountable to the parliament and can be removed from office if they lose the support of the majority of the members.
The role of the prime minister is crucial in a parliamentary system as they represent the executive branch of government and serve as the main link between the parliament and the monarch or president. They are responsible for proposing and implementing laws, managing the government's policies, and representing the country in international affairs.

What is the primary source of revenue for the local government in Nigeria?

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The primary source of revenue for local governments in Nigeria is the Federal government allocations. This is because a significant portion of the revenue generated by the country is distributed among the three tiers of government - federal, state, and local government. While local governments can generate revenue through taxes, the bulk of their funding comes from federal allocations.

The zoning system in Nigerian politics refers to

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The zoning system in Nigerian politics refers to the rotation of power among different regions. This means that political power is deliberately and systematically rotated among the various regions of Nigeria.
Under the zoning system, the presidency, as well as other key political positions, are rotated amongst the different regions of the country. This is done to ensure fairness, inclusivity, and to prevent any one region from dominating or monopolizing political power.
The system recognizes that Nigeria is a diverse country with different ethnic groups and regions, each with its own unique interests and challenges. By rotating power, it ensures that all regions have an opportunity to govern and contribute to the development of the nation.
This practice helps to promote a sense of unity, equity, and balance in Nigerian politics. It allows for different regions to have a chance to participate in governance and have their voices heard. The zoning system is usually implemented within political parties and is a way to promote internal democracy and prevent power struggles within the party.
It is important to note that the zoning system does not guarantee that every region will have a fair share of political power. It is dependent on the political will of parties and individuals to uphold the practice. However, the goal is to create a more inclusive political system that takes into account the diversity of Nigeria's regions.

Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on

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Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on parental citizenship. This means that if either one or both of your parents are citizens of a particular country, you can become a citizen of that country as well. It doesn't matter where you were born or the length of your residency. The important factor is the citizenship of your parents. Jus Sanguinis focuses on the ethnic background and family ties, rather than the place of birth or how long you have lived in a country.

In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch is

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In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch is combined with the legislative branch. This means that the executive branch, which includes the head of state or head of government (such as a president or prime minister), is made up of members who are also part of the legislature.
In this system, the executive branch is not separate from the legislative branch. Instead, the executive branch is formed by the majority party or coalition of parties in the legislature. The head of government is usually the leader of the majority party or the leader of the coalition. The executive branch is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power through a vote of no confidence in the legislature.
The executive branch is responsible for implementing laws, making decisions, and managing the day-to-day affairs of the government. It proposes laws, sets policies, and carries out the functions necessary to run the country. The members of the executive branch are usually elected officials who are chosen by the people through general elections or appointed by the head of government.
In a parliamentary system, the executive branch is not under the control of the judiciary. The judiciary is a separate branch of government that interprets laws and ensures their enforcement. The executive branch is independent from the judiciary and is responsible for enforcing the laws passed by the legislative branch.
To summarize, in a parliamentary system, the executive branch is combined with the legislative branch. It is formed by elected officials who are accountable to the legislature and responsible for implementing laws and governing the country. The executive branch is separate from the judiciary and not elected through popular votes.

Which arm of government has the power to declare laws unconstitutional?

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The arm of government that has the power to declare laws unconstitutional is the **Judiciary**. The Judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying the laws of the country. They ensure that the laws passed by the Legislature or Parliament are in accordance with the Constitution. When a law is questioned or challenged, the Judiciary reviews it to determine if it conflicts with the Constitution. If the law is found to be inconsistent with the Constitution, the Judiciary has the authority to declare it unconstitutional. This power is important because it helps to protect the fundamental rights and principles enshrined in the Constitution. It ensures that the laws created by the Legislature do not violate the fundamental rights of individuals or go against the basic principles of the Constitution. By declaring a law unconstitutional, the Judiciary invalidates that law, making it unenforceable. This means that the law cannot be applied or enforced by the Executive branch of government. In this way, the Judiciary acts as a check and balance on the power of the Legislature and the Executive. It ensures that the laws passed are consistent with the Constitution and that the rights of individuals are protected.

The judiciary checks the other arms of government through

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The judiciary checks the other arms of government through judicial review. Judicial review is a process under which executive and legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. This is a key aspect of the separation of powers.

A key principle of the socialist system of government is the ___________.

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A key principle of the socialist system of government is the equality of opportunity and outcome.
In a socialist system, the focus is on creating a society where everyone has equal opportunities to succeed, regardless of their background or circumstances. This means that everyone should have access to quality education, healthcare, and other basic needs, without discrimination or favoritism.
Additionally, socialism aims to achieve equality of outcome by reducing disparities in wealth and income. This means that the government takes steps to ensure that wealth is distributed more evenly among the population. It may do this through progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and policies that promote fair wages and working conditions.
The idea behind this principle is to create a fairer and more just society, where wealth and resources are not concentrated only in the hands of a few elite individuals, but are shared among all members of society. The aim is to reduce poverty, inequality, and discrimination, and to provide a higher standard of living for everyone.
It is important to note that different countries may interpret and implement socialism in different ways, so there can be variations in how these principles are applied. Nonetheless, the core idea of promoting equality of opportunity and outcome remains a fundamental principle of the socialist system.

Nigeria's foreign policy is influenced by its position as a major exporter of

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Nigeria’s foreign policy is influenced by its position as a major exporter of natural resources. Natural resources are materials or substances that are found in the environment and have economic value. Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources such as oil, gas, minerals, and agricultural products.

One of the key factors that influence Nigeria’s foreign policy is its dependence on revenue generated from the export of natural resources. The export of these resources plays a significant role in the country’s economy, as it contributes to foreign exchange earnings, government revenue, and overall economic development.

As a major exporter of natural resources, Nigeria seeks to protect its interests in international relations and promote favorable conditions for the extraction, production, and export of these resources. The country aims to establish strong trade partnerships with other nations to ensure market access and stable prices for its exports.

Additionally, Nigeria's foreign policy is influenced by the need to attract foreign investments and technology transfer in order to develop and diversify its economy beyond dependence on natural resources. This requires building diplomatic relations with other nations, negotiating favorable trade agreements, and promoting international cooperation in areas such as technology exchange, research, and development.

In conclusion, Nigeria's position as a major exporter of natural resources significantly shapes its foreign policy. The country's policies are driven by the need to protect and promote its interests in the export of these resources, attract foreign investments and technology, and ensure economic development and diversification beyond dependence on natural resources.

When there is an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called

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When an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election.
In a regular election, the candidate who receives the most votes or a majority of votes is declared the winner. However, in some cases, none of the candidates are able to secure enough votes to be declared the winner. This can happen if there are multiple candidates and the votes are distributed among them fairly evenly.
In such a scenario, a re-run election is conducted. This means that the election is held again, allowing the voters to cast their votes once more. The purpose of a re-run election is to give the voters another chance to choose a clear winner.
During a re-run election, the same candidates who participated in the original election typically compete again. However, in some cases, new candidates may also join the race. The re-run election follows a similar process as the original election, with the voters casting their votes and the results being tabulated to determine the winner.
The goal of a re-run election is to ensure that the democratic process is fair and that a clear winner is chosen based on the will of the people. It provides an opportunity for voters to reconsider their choices and potentially change the outcome of the election.
It is important to note that a re-run election is different from other terms mentioned. A recall is a process where voters can remove an elected official from office before their term is complete. A bye-election is held to fill a vacant seat in a legislative body. A referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue or proposal.
In summary, when an election fails to produce a clear winner, the process of determining a winner is called a re-run election. It gives the voters another opportunity to choose a candidate who can secure enough votes to be declared the winner.

Which of the following is a characteristic of pressure groups?

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A characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society.
Pressure groups are organizations or associations formed by individuals who have a common goal or interest. These groups seek to influence the government or public opinion in order to bring about change or protect their interests. Unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to gain political power or hold office. Their main focus is on advocating for specific issues or causes that are important to their members.
Pressure groups can represent a wide range of interests, such as environmental conservation, human rights, labor rights, consumer protection, and more. They gather resources, raise awareness, and take action to promote their objectives. These groups can be formed by individuals from all sectors of society including businesses, trade unions, non-profit organizations, and community groups.
By representing a specific section of society, pressure groups provide a voice to those who may not have the means to effectively influence government policies on their own. They work to bring attention to the concerns and demands of their members and attempt to influence decision-making processes at various levels of government.
In summary, a key characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society and work towards promoting and protecting those interests through lobbying, advocacy, and raising public awareness. They play a crucial role in democratic societies by ensuring that diverse perspectives and concerns are taken into consideration in the policy-making process.

The National assembly is composed of how many chambers?

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The National Assembly is composed of two chambers. These chambers are called the Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Senate consists of senators, while the House of Representatives consists of representatives.
Each chamber has its own specific roles and responsibilities in the legislative process.
The Senate is designed to give equal representation to each state, with two senators representing each state, regardless of its population size. This ensures that each state has a voice in the legislative process.
On the other hand, the House of Representatives is based on population size, meaning that states with larger populations have more representatives than states with smaller populations. This reflects the principle of proportional representation, where the number of representatives is based on the number of people in each state.
Both chambers play a crucial role in the passage of laws and making important decisions for the country. They work together to represent the interests of the people and ensure a balanced and fair legislative process.

Which African country experienced a violent resistance movement against British colonial rule known as the Mau Mau rebellion?

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The African country that experienced a violent resistance movement against British colonial rule is Kenya. This resistance movement was known as the Mau Mau rebellion.
The Mau Mau rebellion took place between 1952 and 1960 in Kenya, which was at that time a British colony. The Mau Mau was a secret society made up mainly of Kikuyu people. They opposed British rule and the social and economic inequalities it brought.
The rebellion was driven by a desire for land rights, political representation, and freedom. The Mau Mau fighters launched a series of attacks against British colonial forces, settler farmers, and those who they saw as collaborators with the British.
The British responded with a strategy of repression, including the use of military force, detention camps, torture, and forced resettlement. The goal of the British was to crush the rebellion and maintain control over Kenya.
The Mau Mau rebellion was a significant event in Kenya's history, ultimately leading to Kenya's independence from British colonial rule. It also highlighted the injustices and inequalities faced by the Kenyan people. Today, the Mau Mau rebellion is seen as a symbol of resistance and struggle for freedom in Kenya's history.

Which constitutional amendment introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria?

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The correct answer is **none of the above**. None of the mentioned constitutional amendments introduced the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The creation of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria was not achieved through a constitutional amendment. Rather, it was a political decision made by the government in 1976 during the administration of General Murtala Ramat Mohammed. The aim was to promote balanced development, administrative efficiency, and foster unity among the diverse ethnic and cultural groups in the country. The six geopolitical zones are North-West, North-East, North-Central, South-West, South-East, and South-South. It is important to note that the geopolitical zones are not explicitly provided for in the Nigerian constitution. They serve as a framework for administrative convenience and the distribution of resources, but they do not have a legal or constitutional basis.

Which of the following is an example of a public pressure group?

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An example of a public pressure group is Greenpeace.
Public pressure groups are organizations that aim to influence government policies and decisions by raising public awareness and mobilizing public support for their causes. They operate in the public domain and work to bring about positive changes in society.
Greenpeace is an international environmental organization that campaigns for issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, and pollution. They use peaceful protests, lobbying, and research to create awareness and put pressure on governments and corporations to take action on these issues.
Public pressure groups like Greenpeace have a significant impact on shaping public opinion and influencing policy-making processes. They represent the interests of the general public and work to ensure that government policies align with environmental and social concerns. Through their advocacy efforts, they strive to bring about positive change for the benefit of the planet and its inhabitants.
Therefore, Greenpeace is an example of a public pressure group that works towards environmental causes and raises public awareness to influence policy decisions.

In which system of government is the executive and legislature fused?

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The system of government where the executive and legislature are fused is the Cabinet system. In this system, the executive branch of the government is led by the Prime Minister and their Cabinet, who are also Members of Parliament.
The executive and legislative powers are intertwined in the Cabinet system. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet members are responsible for creating policies, proposing laws, and implementing them. They are not only political leaders but also lawmakers.
In the Cabinet system, the Prime Minister is chosen by the legislature. Generally, the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority in the legislature becomes the Prime Minister. This means that the executive branch is directly accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the confidence of the legislature through a vote of no-confidence.
The Cabinet system offers a quicker decision-making process. Since the executive and legislature are fused, the policy-making process is streamlined. The members of the Cabinet can propose and discuss policies directly in the legislature, making it easier to pass laws and implement them efficiently.
In summary, the Cabinet system is a form of government where the executive and legislature are merged. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet members lead both the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government. This system offers a faster decision-making process and direct accountability to the legislature.

Who amongst the following did not serve as secretary general of the League of nations?

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Josip Broz Tito did not serve as the Secretary General of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote cooperation and prevent conflicts between nations. Its Secretary General was responsible for overseeing the organization's activities and promoting its goals. Sean Lester, Joseph Avenol, and Eric Drummond all served as Secretary General of the League of Nations at different times. However, Josip Broz Tito, who was the leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980, did not hold this position. It is important to note that the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations (UN), which is the current international organization responsible for promoting peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by

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Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by legislative acts and statutes.
Legislative acts and statutes are laws that are passed by a governing body, such as a government or legislative assembly. These laws provide the legal framework for the creation and operation of public corporations and parastatals.
When a legislative act or statute is passed, it outlines the purpose, structure, governance, and responsibilities of the public corporation or parastatal. This ensures that they operate within the legal framework and are accountable to the governing body and the public.
The establishment of public corporations and parastatals through legislative acts has several advantages. Firstly, it allows the government to have control over important sectors of the economy, such as transport, energy, or healthcare, to ensure the provision of essential services to the public. Secondly, it provides a legal basis for the government to provide financial support and regulations to these entities. Lastly, legislative acts and statutes help in ensuring transparency and accountability in the operations of public corporations and parastatals.
In contrast, private corporations are typically established by private individuals or groups for profit-making purposes. Trade unions represent the interests of workers in collective bargaining, while international organizations are formed by multiple countries to address global issues. These entities do not have the same legal basis as public corporations and parastatals, and their establishment is not regulated by legislative acts and statutes.

Which Nigerian leader advocated for the New Partnership for Africa's Development(NEPAD)?

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Olusegun Obasanjo advocated for the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). NEPAD is an economic development initiative aimed at promoting growth and development in Africa. It focuses on key areas such as good governance, infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and agriculture.
During his presidency from 1999 to 2007, Obasanjo played a pivotal role in championing NEPAD, both within Nigeria and on the continental stage. He believed in the importance of African countries working together to address common challenges and achieve sustainable development. Obasanjo played a key role in mobilizing support for NEPAD among other African leaders and international partners.
NEPAD was officially launched in 2001 and became a framework for African countries to prioritize and implement programs and policies that promote development and poverty reduction. It aims to create an environment conducive to investment and economic growth while improving governance, infrastructure, and human development. NEPAD has been instrumental in promoting African ownership and leadership in the continent's development agenda.
In summary, Olusegun Obasanjo, during his tenure as the President of Nigeria, played a major role in advocating for the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). He championed NEPAD's vision of promoting economic development, good governance, and sustainable growth in Africa.

Which of the following is a limitation of pressure groups?

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Limitation of pressure groups:
One limitation of pressure groups is that they may prioritize their own interests over the public interest. Pressure groups are organizations or associations that work to promote and protect the interests of a particular section of society. While they can be effective in advocating for specific causes, there is a possibility that they may focus more on advancing the interests of their own members or supporters rather than considering the broader needs and well-being of the general public.
As pressure groups are formed by individuals who share common interests or issues, they may naturally gravitate towards actions and demands that benefit their own constituents. This can lead to a situation where the concerns and demands of certain sections of society are prioritized, while the needs of others may be neglected or overlooked.
Furthermore, pressure groups often have resources and influence that can give them significant power in shaping public opinion and influencing government policies. This can be problematic if the interests they represent are not aligned with the needs and aspirations of the wider population. There is a possibility that pressure groups, particularly those with substantial financial resources, may have greater access to decision-makers and policymakers, thus leading to a disproportionate influence on policy outcomes.
It is important to note, however, that not all pressure groups prioritize their own interests over the public interest. In fact, many pressure groups genuinely strive to work for the betterment of society as a whole. Nevertheless, the potential for some pressure groups to prioritize their own interests remains a limitation that should be taken into consideration.
In conclusion, while pressure groups play an important role in advocating for specific causes and representing the interests of certain sections of society, a limitation is that they may prioritize their own interests over the broader public interest. This highlights the need for transparency, accountability, and a balanced approach to ensure that the concerns of all stakeholders are duly considered and taken into account in the decision-making process.

Which of the following is a feature of Nigerian Federalism?

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Autonomy of local government is a feature of Nigerian Federalism. In Nigeria, the local governments have a certain degree of independence and are empowered to make decisions and implement policies at the local level. This means that they have the authority to manage their own affairs, such as issuing licenses, collecting revenue, and providing basic services to the local communities. The autonomy of local government is an important aspect of Nigerian Federalism because it helps to ensure that power is not concentrated solely at the central government level, but rather distributed among different levels of government. This feature promotes participatory governance, local development, and ensures that decisions are made in the best interest of the local communities.

Which of the following African leaders played a significant role in the formation of NEPAD?

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Nelson Mandela and Muammar Gaddafi played a significant role in the formation of NEPAD, which stands for New Partnership for Africa's Development. NEPAD is an African Union strategic framework for socio-economic development in Africa.
Nelson Mandela, as the former President of South Africa, was one of the key proponents of NEPAD. He championed the cause of sustainable development in Africa, emphasizing the need for African countries to take charge of their own development agenda. Mandela believed that African leaders should work together to address the challenges facing the continent and promote economic growth.
Muammar Gaddafi, the former President of Libya, also played an instrumental role in the establishment of NEPAD. Gaddafi advocated for African unity and self-reliance, and he sought to promote economic cooperation and integration among African nations. He provided financial support to NEPAD and encouraged other African leaders to embrace the initiative.
Together, Mandela and Gaddafi contributed to the development and implementation of NEPAD's programs and policies, which aim to eradicate poverty, promote sustainable growth, and enhance Africa's integration into the global economy. They recognized the importance of African-led solutions to the challenges faced by the continent and worked towards fostering cooperation and partnership among African nations.
In summary, both Nelson Mandela and Muammar Gaddafi played significant roles in the formation of NEPAD, their efforts and support were crucial in promoting African development and fostering collaboration among African nations.

Which of the following is a function of public commissions?

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Public commissions are responsible for conducting investigations and enquiries. They are established to investigate matters of public concern and to make recommendations based on their findings. They do not implement foreign policies, enforce criminal laws, or manage public transportation.

The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of

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The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of meritocracy.
Meritocracy is a system that places emphasis on individual abilities and qualifications when making decisions and appointments. In the context of the civil service, it means that individuals are selected for positions based on their merit, skills, and qualifications, rather than external factors like family connections or political affiliations.
This principle ensures that the most qualified and competent individuals are chosen to serve in the civil service, leading to an efficient and effective public administration. It promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in the selection and promotion process. Meritocracy also encourages professionalism and discourages corruption and nepotism within the civil service.
By adopting the principle of meritocracy, the Nigerian civil service aims to build a capable and competent workforce that can effectively contribute to the development and governance of the country.

Public opinion refers to

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Public opinion refers to the collective belief, viewpoint, and sentiment held by the majority of individuals in a society or community. It is the shared perception or evaluation of various social, political, economic, or cultural issues that shape the public's stance on different matters.

Public opinion is not restricted to any specific group of people, such as the media, political leaders, or intellectuals, but rather encompasses the thoughts and attitudes of the general population. It is formed through interactions, conversations, and exchanges of ideas among individuals, as well as through exposure to various sources of information.

Public opinion plays a crucial role in shaping decision-making processes in democratic societies. It influences the policies and actions of government officials, the strategies of political campaigns, and even the behavior of companies and organizations. Public opinion can also impact social norms, values, and debates within a society.

Therefore, understanding and analyzing public opinion is important for governments, businesses, and other entities, as it helps inform their decisions and actions. It can be assessed through surveys, polls, social media analysis, and other research methods to gauge and understand the prevailing sentiment among the general public.

The term 'lobbying' refers to

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The term 'lobbying' refers to seeking to influence government decisions. It involves efforts made by individuals or groups to communicate with government officials and attempt to shape policies or legislation in their favor. Lobbying can be done through various means, such as meeting with lawmakers, writing letters, organizing events, or providing information and research to policymakers. The goal of lobbying is to convey a specific viewpoint or agenda in order to persuade decision-makers to support a particular cause or take specific actions.

During the cold war, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by

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During the Cold War, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by Neutrality and non-alignment. This means that Nigeria chose to remain neutral and not align with any major power bloc like the United States or the Soviet Union.
Nigeria adopted a policy of non-alignment, which means it did not take sides in the ongoing rivalry between the two superpowers. Instead, Nigeria sought to maintain its independence and sovereignty by focusing on its own national interests.
This approach allowed Nigeria to pursue its own development goals, without being directly influenced by the policies and agendas of either the United States or the Soviet Union. It also allowed Nigeria to form partnerships and engage in international cooperation with a wide range of countries, regardless of their ideological leanings.
By adopting this stance, Nigeria aimed to promote peace, stability, and economic development within its own borders and across the African continent. This policy also allowed Nigeria to play a constructive role in resolving regional conflicts and promoting diplomatic relations with countries from around the world.
Overall, Nigeria's decision to maintain neutrality and non-alignment during the Cold War reflected its commitment to independent decision-making and its desire to pursue its own national interests without being tied to either of the major power blocs.

Which of the following documents granted Nigeria its independence?

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The document that granted Nigeria its independence is The Nigerian Independence Act.
The Nigerian Independence Act was the legislation that officially granted Nigeria its independence from British colonial rule. It was passed by the British Parliament in 1960 and became effective on October 1st of that year.
This act recognized Nigeria as a sovereign nation and paved the way for self-governance and self-determination. It marked the culmination of years of struggle by Nigerian nationalists for independence and marked a significant milestone in Nigerian history.
The other options mentioned are not directly related to the granting of Nigeria's independence:
- The Lancaster House Agreement: This agreement, signed in 1979, was the constitutional arrangement that guided the transition from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria. - The Atlantic Charter: The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II, outlining their goals for a post-war world. While it promoted principles of self-determination, it did not specifically grant Nigeria its independence. - The United Nations Declaration on Decolonization: This declaration, adopted in 1960, emphasized the right of all peoples to choose their own government and pursue self-determination. While it supported the decolonization process, it did not directly grant independence to any specific country, including Nigeria.

The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections was

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The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections in Nigeria was FEDECO which stands for Federal Electoral Commission. FEDECO was responsible for conducting and supervising the elections during that period.
FEDECO was established by the Nigerian government in 1978 to ensure a free and fair electoral process in the country. Its primary role was to register voters, create electoral boundaries, and administer the entire electoral process.
During the 1979 general elections, FEDECO ensured that eligible Nigerians were able to vote for their preferred candidates. This commission played a crucial role in ensuring that the electoral process was transparent and unbiased.
It is worth mentioning that FEDECO was later replaced by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in 1998, which is currently responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria. However, for the specific question regarding the 1979 general elections, the correct answer is FEDECO.

Civil servants are typically protected by

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Civil servants are typically protected by Civil service commission.
The Civil Service Commission is an organization that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the activities of civil servants. They ensure that civil servants are hired, promoted, and disciplined based on their qualifications and performance rather than favoritism or corruption.
The Civil Service Commission provides a framework of rules and regulations that govern the conduct of civil servants. These rules and regulations are designed to promote fairness, transparency, and accountability in the civil service.
Some of the key protections provided by the Civil Service Commission include:
1. Security of tenure: Civil servants are typically afforded a level of job security. They cannot be arbitrarily dismissed or removed from their positions without just cause. This protection helps to ensure that civil servants can perform their duties without fear of reprisals or political interference.
2. Equal employment opportunities: The Civil Service Commission promotes equal opportunity in the civil service. It ensures that civil servants are hired and promoted based on merit rather than discrimination based on factors such as gender, race, religion, or political affiliation.
3. Performance evaluation and promotion: The Commission establishes a fair performance evaluation system that assesses the performance of civil servants objectively. This helps in determining promotions and career advancement based on merit and performance rather than favoritism or personal connections.
4. Protection against political pressure and corruption: The Civil Service Commission protects civil servants from undue political pressure and corruption. It establishes procedures for reporting and investigating cases of corruption and ensures that civil servants are not victimized for exposing wrongdoing within the civil service.
Overall, the Civil Service Commission plays a vital role in protecting civil servants and ensuring the integrity and efficiency of the civil service. It helps to maintain public trust and confidence in the government by ensuring that civil servants are accountable, competent, and free from political interference.

In proportional representatiom electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on

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In a proportional representation electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on the percentage of votes a party receives.
Unlike a winner-takes-all system where the party with the majority of votes takes all the seats, proportional representation aims to distribute seats in a more fair and representative manner based on the overall support received by each political party.
In this system, voters cast their votes for a political party rather than individual candidates. The total number of votes received by each party is then calculated. The percentage of votes that each party receives determines the number of seats they are allocated in the legislature.
For example, if a party receives 40% of the votes, they would be allocated approximately 40% of the seats in the legislature. This ensures that the distribution of seats reflects the overall support each party has among the voters.
This type of electoral system encourages a multiparty system, as parties with smaller but still significant voter support have a chance of securing representation in the legislature. It also allows for a greater diversity of voices and opinions to be heard in the decision-making process.
Overall, proportional representation helps ensure that the composition of the legislature is more reflective of the overall preferences and choices of the voters, promoting a more inclusive and representative democracy.

When Africa is the centrepiece of Nigeria's foreign policy, it is said to be _________

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When Africa is the centrepiece of Nigeria's foreign policy, it is said to be Afrocentric.
Afrocentricity refers to a policy or approach that places Africa at the core of decision-making and prioritizes the well-being and interests of African nations. In the context of Nigeria's foreign policy, an Afrocentric approach means that the country gives significant importance to its relationships, partnerships, and engagements with other African countries.
Nigeria recognizes the importance of its role as a major power in Africa and seeks to promote unity, solidarity, and development across the continent. This approach involves actively participating in African regional organizations such as the African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS).
An Afrocentric foreign policy also entails supporting initiatives for peace, security, and stability in Africa, as well as advocating for African interests in international forums. Nigeria strives to foster economic partnerships, promote trade, and encourage investment among African nations.
In summary, an Afrocentric foreign policy means that Nigeria places Africa and its interests at the heart of its diplomatic engagements, seeking to foster unity, development, and progress across the continent.

Which of the following is a right associated with citizenship?

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One of the rights associated with citizenship is the right to vote. This means that as a citizen, you have the privilege to participate in the democratic process by casting your vote in elections to choose your representatives.
Voting is a fundamental right that allows individuals to have a say in the decisions that affect their lives and the direction of their country. It is a way for citizens to express their opinions, support the candidates or parties they believe in, and help shape the future of their society.
Through the right to vote, citizens have the power to elect leaders who will represent their interests, make policies, and govern the country. It is a crucial aspect of a democratic society as it ensures that the government is accountable to its citizens.
Furthermore, the right to vote promotes equality and inclusivity, as it enables every eligible citizen to have an equal voice in the decision-making process, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status.
In summary, the right to vote is an essential right of citizenship as it allows individuals to participate in the democratic process, choose their representatives, and have a say in shaping the future of their country.

The Nigerian constitution guarantees freedom of speech under which fundamental right?

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The Nigerian constitution guarantees freedom of speech under the fundamental right to freedom of expression. This means that every individual in Nigeria has the right to express their thoughts, opinions, ideas, and beliefs freely without fear of censorship or punishment. This right ensures that people can openly speak their minds, share information, engage in discussions, criticize the government, and participate in the democratic process. Freedom of speech is essential for a vibrant and inclusive society, allowing individuals to contribute to public debate and hold those in power accountable. However, it is important to note that this right also carries certain responsibilities and limitations to prevent the spread of hate speech, incitement to violence, or false information that may harm others. Overall, freedom of speech is a fundamental right that allows Nigerians to express themselves and participate actively in shaping their society.

The process of forming public opinion is known as

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The process of forming public opinion is known as socialization.
Socialization refers to the process through which individuals acquire the values, beliefs, and behaviors held by society. It is a lifelong process that starts from childhood and continues throughout our lives.
There are various agents of socialization that play a role in shaping public opinion. These include family, school, peer groups, the media, and religious institutions.
Family is often the first and most influential agent of socialization. From a young age, children learn from their parents and caregivers about what is right or wrong, what is acceptable or unacceptable, and what values and beliefs they should adopt.
Schools also play a significant role in socializing individuals and shaping their opinions. Through formal education, students are exposed to different ideas, perspectives, and information. They learn critical thinking skills and how to analyze and evaluate information, which helps them form their own opinions.
Peer groups, including friends and peers with whom individuals interact, also contribute to the formation of public opinion. People often seek validation and acceptance from their peers, which can influence their beliefs and opinions.
The media, including television, newspapers, and the internet, has a powerful impact on shaping public opinion. Media outlets provide information, news, and entertainment that can influence how individuals perceive events, issues, and public figures. Media bias and selective reporting can also affect how public opinion is formed.
Religious institutions also contribute to shaping public opinion, as they provide moral guidelines and beliefs that individuals often internalize and incorporate into their worldview.
In summary, the process of forming public opinion is known as socialization. It involves various agents such as family, schools, peers, the media, and religious institutions that influence individuals' values, beliefs, and behaviors. It is a lifelong process that begins during childhood and continues throughout our lives.

The Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as

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The Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as the British Commonwealth. It was a voluntary association of independent countries, primarily former territories of the British Empire, that had strong historical and constitutional ties to the United Kingdom. This name was chosen because the majority of the member countries were previously under British colonial rule.
The British Commonwealth was established in 1931 with the signing of the Statute of Westminster, which granted greater autonomy and self-governance to the dominions within the British Empire. The purpose of this association was to promote cooperation and friendship among member nations, while respecting their individual sovereignty.
Over time, the name of the organization was changed to the Commonwealth of Nations in 1949 to reflect the changing nature of its membership. The word "British" was dropped to recognize the diverse range of countries that were part of the organization, including those that never had direct colonial ties to Britain.
In summary, the Commonwealth of Nations was initially known as the British Commonwealth because it consisted mainly of countries that were formerly British colonies. The name was later changed to the Commonwealth of Nations to acknowledge the independence and diversity of its member states.

Which of the following statements about pressure groups is true?

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Pressure groups are organizations formed by individuals who share common goals and interests. They aim to influence government policies and decisions in order to benefit their members or advance a particular cause. **The statement that pressure groups have no influence on the decision-making process is not true.** Pressure groups can have a significant impact on the government's decision-making process. They use various methods such as lobbying, public campaigns, and demonstrations to express their views and put pressure on policymakers. Through these actions, they can shape public opinion and influence the government to consider their demands. **The statement that pressure groups can have both positive and negative impact on the government is true.** Pressure groups can bring important issues to the attention of policymakers and advocate for positive changes in society. They can contribute to the democratic process by representing the interests of specific groups or addressing social, economic, or environmental concerns. However, pressure groups can also be detrimental if their goals conflict with the broader public interest or if they use tactics that undermine democratic principles. **The statement that pressure groups operate independently of the government is generally true.** Pressure groups are separate entities from the government and are not directly controlled or funded by it. They work to influence and put pressure on the government from outside the formal political structure. However, pressure groups may engage with the government through negotiation or consultation processes to promote their interests or seek policy changes. **The statement that pressure groups are only concerned with social issues is not true.** Pressure groups can focus on a wide range of issues such as the environment, labor rights, healthcare, education, economic policies, and more. They represent the interests of diverse groups within society and can work towards achieving specific social, economic, or political objectives. In summary, pressure groups have influence on the decision-making process, can have both positive and negative impact on the government, operate independently of the government, and are concerned with various issues beyond just social matters.

Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the ____ system of government.

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Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government.
In a unitary system of government, power is concentrated in the hands of a central authority or government. This means that decisions and policies are made at the national level and then implemented uniformly throughout the entire country. There is little or no autonomy given to regional or local governments.
In the case of General Aguiyi Ironsi and decree 34, the introduction of the unitary system of government was a significant departure from the previous federal system that Nigeria had been operating under. This change aimed to consolidate power under a single central government, with the intention of promoting national unity and cohesion.
However, it is important to note that the adoption of the unitary system under General Aguiyi Ironsi was met with opposition, especially from regions that felt it diminished their autonomy and voice in decision-making. This eventually led to the desire for a return to a federal system, which was realized with the subsequent change in government.
So, in summary, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government during General Aguiyi Ironsi's leadership.

__________ was a major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Cliphate.

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The major factor that contributed to the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was Islamic Jihad. Islamic Jihad refers to a holy war fought by Muslims in order to spread or defend their religion. In the case of the Sokoto Caliphate, it was a successful Jihad led by the influential scholar and leader, Usman dan Fodio.
Usman dan Fodio was a charismatic Islamic scholar who preached against corruption and decadence within ruling elites in Hausaland (present-day northern Nigeria). He called for a return to a purer form of Islam and sought to establish an Islamic state based on Islamic law (Sharia).
His teachings resonated with the common people who were discontented with the corrupt rulers and their unjust practices. Usman dan Fodio organized and led a resistance movement known as the Fulani Jihad, which aimed to establish a political and religious revival.
The Fulani Jihad, fueled by religious zeal and a desire for social reform, quickly gained support from various ethnic groups, including the Fulani pastoralists. The movement was successful in ousting the corrupt ruling elites and establishing a centralized Islamic government known as the Sokoto Caliphate in 1804.
Under the Sokoto Caliphate, Islamic law was implemented, education was promoted, and trade flourished. The Caliphate expanded its territories and exerted influence over neighboring regions, thereby becoming the largest and most powerful state in West Africa at the time.
In conclusion, the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was largely attributed to the Islamic Jihad led by Usman dan Fodio. His teachings and the widespread support for his cause among the populace created the conditions for a successful revolution that resulted in the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate.