JAMB UTME - Geography - 1993

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The decrease in temperature at the rate of 6.5°C for every 1,000m of ascent is termed "normal lapse rate." As altitude increases, air pressure and density decrease, leading to a decrease in temperature. The normal lapse rate is a reliable guide to predict the temperature changes with height, which is useful for understanding weather patterns and climate change.

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Land and sea breezes occur as a result of differential heating of land and water. During the day, the land heats up faster than the water, causing the air above the land to rise and cooler air from the sea to move in to replace it. This is the sea breeze. At night, the land cools off faster than the water, causing the air above the water to rise and cooler air from the land to move in to replace it. This is the land breeze. This daily cycle of sea and land breezes is a result of the differential heating of land and water by the sun.

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The factor that is MOST important in bringing about a rapid increase in urban population is migration from rural areas. When people from rural areas move to urban areas, it leads to an increase in the urban population. This can happen due to factors such as better job opportunities, access to better healthcare, education, and other services. In some cases, people may also be forced to move due to natural disasters or political instability in rural areas. High birth rates and low death rates can also contribute to urban population growth, but these factors alone may not cause a rapid increase in population as much as migration from rural areas can. International migration can also contribute to urban population growth, but this is generally a slower process compared to rural-urban migration.

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A great circle is a circle on the Earth's surface that has the same diameter as the Earth. It is the largest possible circle that can be drawn on a sphere. Any two points on a great circle are the same distance from each other, and the shortest distance between any two points on a sphere always lies along a great circle. To determine which of the given pairs of longitudes forms a Great Circle, we need to find the midpoint between the two longitudes and then draw a circle with that midpoint as its center and the radius equal to the radius of the Earth. So, for each pair of longitudes, we calculate the average of the two values and check if the resulting line passes through the center of the Earth. The pair of longitudes that passes through the center of the Earth is the one that forms a Great Circle. Calculating the midpoint of the given pairs of longitudes, we get: - 60°E and 140°E: Midpoint = (60 + 140)/2 = 100°E - 40°W and 140°E: Midpoint = (360-40 + 140)/2 = 230°E - 20°W and 160°W: Midpoint = (360-20 + 360-160)/2 = 140°W - 10°E and 180°: Midpoint = (10 + 180)/2 = 95°E Since only the pair of longitudes 40°W and 140°E passes through the center of the Earth, it forms a Great Circle.

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The combination of a narrow continental shelf and an unindented coastline BEST explains the absence of major ocean fishing grounds around tropical Africa. A narrow continental shelf means that the shelf drops off steeply into deep water, which limits the availability of fish habitat in the shallower waters near the shore. An unindented coastline means that there are no natural harbors or bays that provide sheltered areas for fish to congregate and spawn. This makes it more difficult for fishermen to access the fish populations that do exist. While factors such as warm ocean currents, poor plankton supply, and pollution of seawater can also affect fish populations, they are not the primary reasons for the absence of major ocean fishing grounds around tropical Africa.

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The hope for the development of crop and animal husbandry in parts of the Sahara Desert rests on the possibility of tapping the huge reserves of underground water. This is because the Sahara desert is a hot and dry area, making it difficult for crops and animals to thrive. However, there are vast underground water reserves, known as aquifers, that can be accessed for irrigation and animal watering. This would make it possible to grow crops and raise animals in the Sahara, leading to the development of agriculture in the region.

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The Ganges Delta accounts for the world's largest production of jute primarily because of its monsoon climate and deep, rich soil. The monsoon climate of the region provides ample rainfall and humidity that are crucial for the growth of jute plants. Additionally, the deltaic soil is highly fertile, which allows for the cultivation of large quantities of jute. The combination of these factors has made the Ganges Delta an ideal location for jute cultivation and has led to its position as the world's largest producer of jute.

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The unique system of arable farming in semi-arid, warm and cool temperate regions is known as dry farming. This is a farming method where crops are grown without irrigation in areas with limited rainfall. The crops are planted deep in the soil to capture moisture from the soil, and the fields are left fallow in alternate years to allow for natural restoration of soil nutrients. This farming method is common in areas where rainfall is unreliable and irrigation is not feasible. It helps to conserve water and prevent soil erosion, making it a sustainable farming method in arid and semi-arid regions.

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The country that can be described as an archipelago is Cape Verde. An archipelago is a group or chain of islands, typically found in the open sea. Cape Verde is a country consisting of 10 volcanic islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, about 570 km off the coast of West Africa. The islands of Cape Verde are of volcanic origin and are mostly mountainous, with some of them having active volcanoes. The country has a tropical climate and is known for its beautiful beaches, diverse wildlife, and unique cultural heritage. The other countries listed, namely Mauritania, Nigeria, and The Gambia, are not archipelagos but rather countries located on the African mainland.

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The three leading manufacturing countries of the world are the U.S.A, Germany, and Japan. These countries are known for their advanced manufacturing capabilities, innovative technologies, and highly skilled workforce. The United States is known for its production of automobiles, aerospace, and defense equipment, among other goods. Germany is known for its precision engineering and manufacturing of high-end machinery, cars, and chemicals. Japan is known for its production of consumer electronics, automobiles, and advanced technology products. These countries have a significant impact on the global economy and play a key role in shaping the manufacturing industry around the world.

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The major physical factor that restricts the cultivation of perennial crops in the Sudan savannah of Nigeria is the seasonal pattern of rainfall. The Sudan savannah experiences a short rainy season and a long dry season, which makes it difficult to cultivate perennial crops that require a constant supply of water throughout the year. The seasonal nature of rainfall leads to water stress, which affects the growth and yield of perennial crops. Therefore, the cultivation of perennial crops in the Sudan savannah is restricted to areas with reliable water sources, such as rivers or irrigation facilities.

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The largest deposit of gold in West Africa is found in Ghana. This is mainly due to the fact that Ghana has a long history of gold mining and a favorable geological environment that has led to the discovery of several large gold deposits. Ghana's gold deposits are located in several regions, including the Ashanti, Eastern, Western, Northern, and Brong-Ahafo regions. The country is also home to several large gold mining companies, including AngloGold Ashanti and Newmont Mining, which contribute significantly to Ghana's economy through the export of gold.

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The port that specializes in receiving and re-exporting goods is known as an "entrepot". An entrepot is a type of trading post where goods are imported, stored, and then re-exported to other countries. It is typically located at a strategic point between trade routes or in a free trade zone to facilitate the movement of goods. The goods that pass through an entrepot are usually exempted from import duties or other taxes, making it an attractive location for international trade.

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The variation in the lengths of day and night with the seasons is explained by the inclination of the earth. This is because the earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun. As the earth revolves around the sun, different parts of the earth receive varying amounts of solar radiation, causing the seasons. When one hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, it receives more direct sunlight and experiences longer days and shorter nights, while the other hemisphere experiences shorter days and longer nights. As the earth continues its orbit, the hemispheres switch positions, causing the seasons to change.

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The tundra region is sparsely populated because of the harsh environmental conditions. The tundra is a vast, treeless region that is characterized by low temperatures, high winds, and short growing seasons. The soil in the tundra is typically frozen year-round, and the region experiences long, cold winters and short, cool summers. These environmental conditions make it difficult for humans to survive and thrive in the tundra. There is a scarcity of water in the tundra, and the natural resources base is limited. Additionally, the level of available technology is relatively low, making it challenging to extract resources or build infrastructure in the region. Therefore, the primary reason for the sparse population in the tundra region is the harsh environmental conditions, which make it challenging for humans to survive and establish permanent settlements.

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Mediterranean vegetation is described as xerophytic because it is drought-resistant. Xerophytic vegetation refers to plants that are adapted to living in dry environments with limited water supply. Mediterranean vegetation is adapted to the hot and dry summers and mild, wet winters of the Mediterranean region, where rainfall is relatively low and inconsistent. These plants have developed various adaptations, such as small, thick leaves that reduce water loss through transpiration, deep root systems that can access water deep in the soil, and the ability to go dormant during dry periods to conserve water. These adaptations make Mediterranean vegetation well-suited to survive in areas with limited water supply, making it a xerophytic vegetation.

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The shipping route that carries the world's heaviest ocean traffic is the Eastern North America Western Europe route. This is because it is the busiest and most heavily-trafficked shipping route in the world, connecting two of the largest and most economically important regions on the planet. The route connects the ports of Eastern North America, such as New York and Boston, with the ports of Western Europe, such as Rotterdam and Hamburg. It is a vital trade route for goods such as oil, natural gas, coal, and various other products. The route passes through the North Atlantic Ocean and is heavily used by both cargo ships and passenger vessels. Therefore, the Eastern North America Western Europe route carries the world's heaviest ocean traffic due to its strategic location and importance in global trade.

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The features associated with the lower course of a river are floodplains, ox-bow lakes, and deltas. Floodplains are flat, low-lying areas on either side of the river channel that are covered with water during floods. Ox-bow lakes are formed when the river erodes the outer banks of a meander, and the river takes a new course, leaving a crescent-shaped lake. Deltas are formed at the mouth of the river where the river meets the sea. The river deposits its sediment, and the build-up of sediment creates a fan-shaped landform. Gorge, rapids, waterfalls, corrasion, corrosion, attrition, meanders, cliffs, and spurs are features associated with the upper or middle course of a river.

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The variation in the volume of water in a river over time is known as its regime. A river's regime refers to the variations in its flow over time, including seasonal changes and long-term trends. The regime of a river is influenced by several factors, such as precipitation, temperature, vegetation cover, and topography. These factors affect the amount of water that enters and exits the river, resulting in changes in the river's volume over time. The regime of a river is an important aspect to consider for various reasons, such as water management, flood control, and navigation. Therefore, the variation in the volume of water in a river over time is known as its regime.

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The Benguela Current is current number 3 on the map. The Benguela Current is a cold ocean current that runs along the west coast of southern Africa, from Angola to South Africa. It is an important current for the region, as it brings nutrients to the surface that support a rich ecosystem of fish and other marine life. The current can also have a significant impact on local climate, as it helps to cool the air above it and can cause coastal fog and low clouds.

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The temperature of this region is characterized by a low annual range of about 30°C. This means that the temperature in this region tends to remain relatively consistent throughout the year, with little variation between the hottest and coldest months. A low annual temperature range can be observed in regions with a tropical climate, such as near the equator, where there is a consistent amount of solar radiation and a stable atmospheric pressure. In contrast, regions with a high annual temperature range, such as those in temperate zones, experience greater temperature variations due to the changing seasons. Therefore, the temperature of this region is characterized by a low annual range of about 30°C.

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The group of areas in Nigeria where limestone is actively quarried for the manufacture of cement is Ewekoro, Nkalagu, and Ukpilla. This is because these areas have large deposits of high-quality limestone, which is a major raw material used in the production of cement. The limestone deposits in these areas are geologically young and have high calcium carbonate content, which makes them suitable for cement production.

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The growth of population at a rate faster than the available resources may result in overpopulation. Overpopulation refers to a situation where there are more people in a region than the resources can support. This means that there may not be enough food, water, or housing to meet the needs of the people, which can lead to a range of negative consequences such as famine, disease, and social unrest. Overpopulation can also put a strain on the environment, leading to issues such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. Therefore, when the population grows at a rate faster than the available resources, it can lead to overpopulation, which has negative consequences for both people and the environment.

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On September 23 each year, the earth experiences the autumnal equinox. An equinox occurs twice a year when the sun is exactly above the equator and day and night are of approximately equal length. During the autumnal equinox, the tilt of the earth's axis is inclined neither away from nor towards the sun. This results in nearly equal amounts of daylight and darkness at all latitudes, which marks the start of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and spring in the Southern Hemisphere. The autumnal equinox occurs annually on September 23 in the Northern Hemisphere and March 20 or 21 in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, on September 23 each year, the earth experiences the autumnal equinox.

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The main effect of distance from the sea on rainfall is to reduce its amount and seasonality. Areas closer to the sea tend to have higher amounts of rainfall, as well as more evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. As you move further inland, the amount of rainfall tends to decrease, and it may become more seasonal, with a distinct wet season and dry season. This is because oceans are a major source of moisture for the atmosphere, and as moist air moves inland it tends to lose moisture, leading to lower rainfall amounts further from the coast.

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In most West African countries, the primary purpose of establishing the railway system was to transport export goods from the hinterland to the coast for exportation to other countries. This was mainly because the railway system was established during the colonial era when the European powers exploited the African countries for their natural resources. The railway system was therefore seen as a means of easily transporting raw materials such as timber, minerals, and agricultural products to the coast where they could be shipped to Europe and other parts of the world. While the railway system may have also been used for local transport of goods and passengers, its primary purpose was to serve the export needs of the colonial powers.

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The layer of very fine wind-deposited sand and silt is known as "loess". Loess is a sedimentary deposit composed largely of silt-sized grains that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. It is formed by the accumulation of windblown dust and can be found in regions where there is a combination of a dry climate, a source of fine-grained sediment, and strong prevailing winds. The term "loess" comes from the German word "Löss," which means "loose."

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The drainage pattern on River Kuku is dendritic. A dendritic drainage pattern is a system of river channels characterized by a network of interconnected tributaries that resemble the branching pattern of tree roots. In other words, the river has a main channel that is fed by smaller channels that branch out in a tree-like pattern. This type of drainage pattern is common in areas with uniform rock types, flat topography, and moderate to high precipitation. The dendritic pattern allows for efficient water flow and drainage, which is important for managing floods and maintaining healthy river ecosystems.

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The BEST account for rural-urban migration in West Africa is limited opportunities in rural areas. Many people migrate from rural areas to urban centres in search of better job opportunities and higher standards of living because there are limited job opportunities in rural areas. This is often due to factors such as low agricultural productivity, lack of infrastructure, and limited access to education and healthcare. As a result, many people are forced to migrate to urban centres where there may be more opportunities for employment and a better quality of life.

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A linear settlement is most likely to develop on a routeway. This is because a routeway provides a clear direction and purpose for settlement, as it is a path of communication and transportation. Along the routeway, people can establish homes, shops, and other services to cater to travelers and other passersby. In addition, a routeway can facilitate trade and commerce, leading to economic development and growth. Therefore, linear settlements often develop along major roads, rivers, or other transportation routes, where the flow of people and goods is highest.