JAMB UTME - Geography - 1994

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The set of rivers that enter the sea through estuaries is: The Thames, Zaire and Plate. An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with saltwater from the ocean. The Thames, Zaire (also known as the Congo), and Plate rivers all have estuaries where they meet the ocean. The Ganges and Columbia rivers, in flow into the ocean but do not have estuaries, while the Nile, Rhine, and St. Lawrence rivers, in do not have estuaries where they meet the sea. The Niger river, in flows into the Gulf of Guinea but does not have an estuary at its mouth.

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The major constituents of a typical soil are mineral matter, organic matter, air, and water. Mineral matter refers to the non-living components of soil, such as rocks and minerals, which provide nutrients to plants. Organic matter refers to the living and dead organisms in soil, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, which play an important role in soil fertility and structure. Air and water are also important components of soil, providing the oxygen and moisture that plants and microorganisms need to survive. Together, these four components form the basic structure of soil and provide the necessary conditions for plant growth and the sustainability of the ecosystem. While soil may also contain other elements, such as gravel, sand, silt, clay, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, these are not considered major constituents of a typical soil.

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Seasons within the tropics are primarily recognized based on rainfall patterns. The tropics are characterized by high temperatures throughout the year, but the amount and distribution of rainfall varies. In the tropical regions, there are two main seasons, the wet season and the dry season. The wet season, also known as the rainy season, is characterized by heavy rainfall and high humidity, while the dry season is characterized by little to no rainfall and lower humidity. These seasons are caused by the movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is a low-pressure belt that moves north and south of the equator, following the seasonal shift of the sun. The ITCZ brings heavy rainfall during the wet season, and its absence during the dry season causes drought conditions. Therefore, rainfall is used as the primary indicator of seasons in the tropics.

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Specialized cultivation of grapes is associated with Mediterranean regions. Grapes are one of the oldest and most important crops in the Mediterranean region, and they have been cultivated there for thousands of years. The Mediterranean climate is characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, which provide ideal conditions for growing grapes. In addition, the region's rich soils and abundant sunshine also contribute to the success of grape cultivation. Grapes are used for a variety of purposes, including making wine, juice, and raisins, and the Mediterranean region is known for producing some of the world's finest wines. While grapes can also be grown in other climates, such as cool temperate climates, montane climates, and monsoon regions, the Mediterranean region remains the most renowned and specialized grape-growing region in the world.

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In a humid area, farmers add lime to the soil to reduce acidity. Soil acidity is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil, and a lower pH value indicates higher acidity. In humid areas, rainfall can cause leaching of basic nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium, from the soil, which can lead to increased soil acidity over time. This can make it difficult for crops to absorb essential nutrients, which can hinder their growth and development. By adding lime to the soil, farmers can raise the soil pH, making it less acidic and more alkaline. This, in turn, can facilitate the absorption of nutrients by the crops and improve their overall growth and development. Additionally, lime can also act as a fertilizer, providing the soil with essential nutrients that can further support crop growth.

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A type of industry that is carried out usually at or near the residence and based on largely native skills and simple technology is referred to as cottage industry. Cottage industry involves the production of goods and services using traditional methods and simple tools, typically by family members or a small group of people. It is called "cottage" industry because it was traditionally carried out in people's homes or small cottages. The products of cottage industry are usually handmade and of high quality, but produced in small quantities. Examples of cottage industry products include textiles, pottery, handicrafts, and jewelry. Cottage industry has been an important part of many local economies around the world for centuries, providing employment and income for rural communities and helping to preserve traditional skills and crafts.

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Subsistence farming is characterized by the dominance of food crops, small holdings, and family labor. Subsistence farming is a type of agriculture where farmers produce food primarily for their own consumption, rather than for sale in markets. The focus of subsistence farming is on producing enough food to feed one's family and community, rather than generating profit. In subsistence farming, farmers typically have small plots of land and rely on their own labor and the labor of their family members to cultivate crops. They use simple tools such as hoes, machetes, and digging sticks, rather than heavy machinery or advanced technology. The crops produced are primarily for household consumption and may include staples such as maize, rice, cassava, and beans. While subsistence farmers may occasionally sell their surplus crops at local markets, their main goal is to produce enough food to feed their families throughout the year. This makes subsistence farming an important strategy for ensuring food security in many parts of the world, especially in rural areas where access to food may be limited.

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The set of rocks that is organically formed is peat, chalk and limestone. Peat is formed by the accumulation of partially decayed organic matter in wetlands and is often used as fuel. Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock composed of the shells of microscopic marine organisms. Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which is also formed from the accumulation of the shells and skeletons of marine organisms. Therefore, peat, chalk, and limestone are all formed through the accumulation of organic matter or the remains of organisms, making them organic rocks. In contrast, the other options such as rock salt, breccia, conglometerate, clay, mudstone, sandstone, grit, coal, and shale are not formed through organic processes.

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Based on the economic activities of both countries, it is most likely that the list of exports from Japan to Nigeria includes motor vehicles, cameras, and industrial machines. Japan is a leading manufacturer of motor vehicles and industrial machines, which are in high demand in Nigeria due to its growing manufacturing and transportation sectors. Additionally, cameras are also a popular export from Japan as the country is known for producing high-quality camera brands such as Canon and Nikon. On the other hand, Nigeria is a major exporter of crude oil, which is in high demand in Japan due to its heavy reliance on oil imports to meet its energy needs. However, Nigeria's exports to Japan are not relevant to the question. Therefore, the correct option is motor vehicles, cameras, and industrial machines.

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The main hydrological center in Nigeria is the Jos Plateau. The Jos Plateau is located in central Nigeria and is characterized by high elevation, cooler temperatures, and abundant rainfall. The plateau is the source of several rivers, including the Kaduna, Gongola, and Niger rivers, which are important for irrigation, transportation, and hydroelectric power generation. In addition to its role in Nigeria's water supply, the Jos Plateau is also known for its rich mineral deposits, including tin, limestone, and iron ore, which have contributed to the region's economic development. Overall, the Jos Plateau plays a crucial role in Nigeria's hydrology, providing water resources for agriculture, industry, and domestic use.

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One of the major limiting factors to the development of industries in developing countries is a low level of capital formation. This means that there is not enough money or financial resources available to invest in the development and growth of industries. Without sufficient capital, it is difficult for industries to acquire the necessary machinery, technology, and other resources needed for production. This leads to a lack of development in the industrial sector, which can further impact economic growth and development. As a result, countries with low levels of capital formation may struggle to attract foreign investment, generate employment opportunities, and improve the standard of living for their citizens.

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When presenting data or information, there are various graphic methods that can be used to display it effectively. A dot map is a graphic method that uses dots to represent individual values or quantities. A proportional circle is another graphic method that uses circles of different sizes to represent different values. A divided rectangle is a graphic method that uses rectangles or squares divided into sections to represent different values. Finally, a choropleth map is a graphic method that uses colors or shading to represent different values or levels of a variable within predefined geographic areas such as countries, states, or counties. Therefore, the alternative graphic method that can be used to depict the same information would depend on the nature of the data or information being presented and the intended audience or purpose.

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A broad-based population pyramid is composed mainly of young dependants. A population pyramid is a graphical representation of a population's age and sex distribution. A broad-based pyramid has a wide base, indicating a high proportion of children and young people relative to older individuals. This means that there are more young dependants in the population, and they are not yet part of the active working population. As a result, this type of pyramid typically indicates a high fertility rate and a youthful population.

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The greatest problem facing lumbering in Tropical Africa is that the trees do not grow in pure stands. Unlike in some other parts of the world where trees are grown in neat plantations, in tropical Africa, trees tend to grow in mixed and uneven stands, making it difficult and costly to extract and process them for lumbering. Additionally, tropical African trees are often buttressed at the base, which can make it challenging to fell them and extract the valuable timber. These factors make it difficult for lumbering operations to be profitable and sustainable in the region. While further expansion of sawmills may not be viable in some areas due to market conditions, the main challenge facing lumbering in Tropical Africa is the lack of easily accessible and extractable trees due to their mixed and uneven stands.

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Spruce is the most suitable tree for pulp and paper production. This is because spruce wood has long fibers and a high cellulose content, which are both important properties for making paper products. Additionally, spruce wood has a relatively low lignin content, which makes it easier to pulp and process into paper. Obeche, ebony, and mahogany are all hardwood trees, and while they may have desirable properties such as durability and strength, they are not typically used for paper production due to their low fiber content and high lignin content.

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The veldt is a type of grassland ecosystem that is found in South Africa. It is characterized by tall grasses and scattered trees, and is home to a variety of wildlife, including large herbivores like zebras and antelopes. The veldt is an important ecosystem for agriculture and grazing, and also plays a vital role in maintaining biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. While there are similar grasslands in other parts of the world, such as the prairies of North America or the steppes of Eurasia, the veldt is specifically associated with South Africa.

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The major human activity in the area is probably farming. Farming is a common human activity that involves the cultivation of crops and the rearing of livestock for food and other products. This activity often requires a significant amount of land, water, and labor, making it a dominant activity in many rural areas. Additionally, farming can be carried out in a wide range of environments, including grasslands, forests, and wetlands, making it a likely activity in many areas. Fishing, lumbering, and ranching are also human activities, but they are more closely associated with specific environments and are less likely to be the major human activity in a given area.

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The highest landforms in Nigeria are developed on granites. Granite is an intrusive igneous rock that is formed from the slow cooling of magma deep beneath the Earth's surface. It is composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals, which give it a coarse-grained texture and make it very hard and durable. In Nigeria, the highest landforms, such as the Jos Plateau, are developed on granites that were formed during the Pan-African orogeny, a geological event that occurred about 600 million years ago. The Jos Plateau is a large, elevated region in central Nigeria that rises to over 1,200 meters above sea level. The plateau is characterized by a rugged, hilly terrain and has a cool, temperate climate due to its high elevation. Sandstones, basalts, and shales are also common rock types in Nigeria, but they do not form the highest landforms in the country.

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The three land-locked countries in West Africa are Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. A landlocked country is a nation that does not have direct access to the sea or any oceans. In West Africa, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger are all countries that do not have a coastline. They are surrounded by other countries on all sides and do not have a direct connection to any sea or ocean. In contrast, the other options listed include countries that do have a coastline or access to the sea. For example, the Republic of Benin has a coastline along the Gulf of Guinea, while Togo and Ghana both have coastlines along the Atlantic Ocean. Mauritania has a coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, but it is mostly considered a desert country. Chad is a landlocked country, but it is not in West Africa, and Senegal has a coastline along the Atlantic Ocean.

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The region with a high population density due to industrial development is the Ruhr Valley. The Ruhr Valley is an industrial region in Germany that is home to several large cities, including Essen, Dortmund, and Duisburg. The region has a long history of coal mining and steel production, which led to the development of a strong industrial economy. As a result, many people moved to the area in search of employment opportunities, leading to a high population density.

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Urban centers are best distinguished from rural settlements by their population and function. Urban centers are large, densely populated areas that are characterized by a high level of economic and social activity. They are typically centers of commerce, industry, and culture, with a diverse population that includes people from a wide range of backgrounds and social classes. In contrast, rural settlements are smaller, less densely populated areas that are typically characterized by agricultural or natural resource-based economies. They are often located in rural or remote areas, far from major population centers. While the morphology (physical structure and layout) of urban and rural areas may differ, it is the population and function that are the most fundamental differences between the two. Urban areas are distinguished by their large and diverse populations, as well as their role as centers of commerce, industry, and culture. Rural areas, on the other hand, are characterized by smaller, more homogenous populations, and economies that are based on agriculture or natural resource extraction.

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If an African country wants to reduce unemployment through industrialization, it is most likely to encourage labour-intensive industries. This is because labour-intensive industries require a lot of workers, which will create more jobs and reduce unemployment. In contrast, capital-intensive industries require a lot of capital investment, and technology-intensive industries require skilled workers, which may not be available in large numbers. Small-scale industries may also create jobs, but they may not have the capacity to create large-scale employment opportunities. Therefore, labour-intensive industries are the most viable option for reducing unemployment through industrialization in Africa.

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Australia is one of the countries where many railway lines have been closed down due to a decline in their competitiveness. This is because the country has a vast and sparsely populated landmass, which makes it expensive to maintain railway lines that don't generate enough revenue. As a result, many railway lines have become unprofitable and have been closed down over the years. Additionally, the rise of road transport and the deregulation of the trucking industry in the 1980s and 1990s have made it even more challenging for railways to compete.

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Sedimentary rocks are easily recognized in the field because they occur in layers. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and lithification (hardening) of sediment, which is often laid down in layers by wind, water, or ice. As each layer of sediment is deposited and buried, it forms a distinct layer in the resulting rock. These layers, also known as strata, can often be seen in exposed rock faces or in cliff formations, making it easy to recognize sedimentary rocks in the field. The layers may also contain visible fossils, which are another characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks. The other options listed do not apply to all sedimentary rocks, as they can occur in a variety of shapes and forms, depending on the geological processes that formed them.

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A sharp decrease in the population of herbivores in an ecosystem is likely to lead to an increase in the amount of plant cover. This is because with fewer herbivores consuming plants, there will be less pressure on the plant population. As a result, the plants will have more resources available to grow and reproduce, leading to an increase in their overall cover. Additionally, with more plants available, other animals may also benefit, which could indirectly lead to an increase in their populations as well.

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The most dominant pair of active factors affecting plant growth is climate and soil. Climate factors such as temperature, rainfall, and sunlight availability determine the types of plants that can grow in a particular area, while soil factors such as nutrient availability, pH level, and water retention capacity determine the quality of the soil for plant growth. These two factors work together to determine the types and quality of vegetation in a given area.

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Dispersed rural settlements are most likely to be found in areas with abundant agricultural land and good surface drainage. This is because rural settlements rely heavily on agriculture as a means of livelihood, and abundant land is necessary to support their agricultural activities. Good surface drainage is also essential for agriculture, as it ensures that the soil is well-drained and prevents waterlogging, which can damage crops. Additionally, dispersed rural settlements tend to have a lower population density, which makes sense in areas with abundant agricultural land, as it allows for larger farming areas.

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The set of cities that have been developed specially as the seat of government is Canberra, Brasilia, and Abuja. These cities were purposefully built to be the capital cities of their respective countries. Canberra is the capital city of Australia, Brasilia is the capital city of Brazil, and Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria. The development of these cities as the capital cities of their countries was a deliberate decision aimed at creating a centralized location for the country's government and administration. The cities were designed to have modern infrastructure, large government buildings, and public spaces to support the work of government officials and agencies. Additionally, the development of these cities helped to promote economic growth and development in their respective countries by attracting businesses and investment. While cities such as Chicago, Calcutta, and New Delhi are important cities, they were not purposefully developed as the seat of government.

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Plantation agriculture may be described as a system characterized by large-scale production, monoculture, and centralized management. Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming that involves the cultivation of a single crop on a large scale. The crops grown are usually cash crops like coffee, tea, rubber, or sugar cane, and they are grown for sale in national or international markets. The production is usually concentrated on a large tract of land owned by a single entity or corporation, with a centralized management structure that oversees the cultivation, harvesting, and processing of the crops. Monoculture, or the growing of a single crop, is a defining feature of plantation agriculture, as it allows for the efficient use of resources and maximizes yields.