JAMB UTME - Geography - 2016

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The wearing away of the sides and bottom of a river's channel is called corrasion. Corrasion, also known as abrasion, refers to the mechanical erosion of a river's bed and banks caused by the abrasive action of sediment and debris carried by the river's flow. As the sediment and debris move along the river bed, they scrape and scour the rock and soil, gradually wearing it away. This erosion process can be intensified by factors such as the speed and volume of the river's flow, the size and shape of the sediment particles, and the type of rock or soil that makes up the river bed and banks. Other processes that contribute to the erosion of a river's channel include hydraulic action (the force of water against the river banks), corrosion (the chemical breakdown of rock and soil by water), attrition (the collision and grinding of sediment particles against each other), and solution (the chemical dissolution of certain types of rock). However, corrasion is generally considered the primary process responsible for the wearing away of a river's channel.

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Fog is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when air near the ground becomes saturated with water vapor. The saturation of the air can happen when the temperature of the air reaches the dew point temperature, which is the temperature at which the air can no longer hold all of its moisture and some of it condenses into small water droplets that form the fog. From the options provided, the most likely condition for fog to develop is when a warm, moist wind blows over a cold current. This condition can create a sharp contrast in temperature between the air and the surface over which it flows, causing the warm, moist air to cool rapidly and reach its dew point temperature, leading to the formation of fog. When a warm, moist wind blows over a warm current, the temperature of the air remains high and there is less chance of the air cooling enough to reach its dew point. Similarly, when a cold, dry wind blows over a warm current, the air is likely to warm up and not reach its dew point temperature. Finally, when a warm, dry wind blows over a cold current, the air is not likely to cool enough to reach its dew point temperature and form fog. In summary, the most likely condition for fog to develop is when a warm, moist wind blows over a cold current. The sharp contrast in temperature between the air and the surface over which it flows can cause the air to cool rapidly and reach its dew point temperature, leading to the formation of fog.

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The Middle Belt of West Africa is NOT characterized by "much export crop production." The Middle Belt of West Africa is a region that stretches across several West African countries, including Nigeria, Ghana, and Cameroon. It is known for its diverse ethnic groups, but it is not characterized by low population densities or few large towns. In fact, some of the largest cities in West Africa, such as Lagos and Accra, are located in this region. Subsistence agriculture is the predominant type of agriculture in the region, with many farmers producing crops for their own household consumption rather than for sale or export. However, the region is also known for its production of cash crops, such as cocoa, coffee, and cotton. These crops are often grown on plantations and sold for export, but they do not dominate the agricultural landscape in the region. Therefore, the correct answer is "Much export crop production" since the Middle Belt of West Africa is not characterized by this label as it is not dominated by export crop production, but rather by a mix of subsistence agriculture and some production of cash crops.

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Lakes that are formed due to landslides, screes, or avalanches are known as "Barrier lakes." These lakes are created when a natural barrier, such as rocks or debris, blocks the flow of a river or stream. The blocked water then accumulates behind the barrier, forming a lake. These types of lakes can also form in areas where the land has been uplifted, causing a natural dam to form. Barrier lakes are common in mountainous regions and can pose a risk if the dam suddenly breaks, causing a sudden and massive release of water downstream.

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The length of a year is 365(1/4) days because it is the time it takes for the earth to revolve once around the sun. This is called the orbital period of the earth. The earth takes approximately 365.24 days to complete one orbit around the sun. To account for this fraction of a day, a leap year is added to the calendar every four years, which has an extra day (February 29th) to keep the calendar year synchronized with the earth's orbit around the sun. Therefore, the correct answer is: "The earth to revolve once round the sun."

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Freetown has the highest mean annual rainfall of the options given. Freetown is the capital city of Sierra Leone and is located on the coast of West Africa. The city experiences a tropical rainforest climate with high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year. The rainy season in Freetown typically lasts from May to November, with the heaviest rainfall occurring between June and September. In contrast, the other cities listed - Accra, Lome, Lagos, and Enugu - are located further east along the coast of West Africa and experience a tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. While these cities do receive some rainfall throughout the year, their mean annual rainfall is lower than that of Freetown. Therefore, Freetown has the highest mean annual rainfall of the options given.

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The heavy dark soil associated with floodable valley-bottoms is a hydromorphic soil. Hydromorphic soil is soil that is saturated with water for a significant portion of the year, typically due to flooding or poor drainage. It is also known as waterlogged soil. Hydromorphic soil is characterized by a dark color, high organic matter content, and a heavy, compact texture. These soil characteristics are a result of the lack of oxygen in the soil due to saturation with water, which slows down the decomposition of organic matter and causes the soil particles to bind together more tightly. In the case of floodable valley-bottoms, the soil is periodically inundated with water during floods, leading to the development of hydromorphic soil. Therefore, the correct answer is: "Hydromorphic soil."

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The best location for a bakery would be "near a large market for bread." This is because the primary objective of a bakery is to sell bread and other baked goods to customers, and being located near a large market would provide access to a large number of potential customers. By locating a bakery near a large market, bakers can take advantage of the high foot traffic in the area and attract customers who are already in the vicinity. While access to flour, clean water, electricity, and cheap labor are also important considerations for a bakery, none of these factors would be as critical as being located near a large market. Even if a bakery has access to all of these resources, it may still struggle to attract customers if it is located in an area with low foot traffic or limited demand for baked goods. Therefore, when choosing a location for a bakery, the availability of a large market for bread should be the primary consideration to ensure the success of the business.

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A fluid, basic lava flow is most likely to give rise to a shield volcano. Shield volcanoes are characterized by their broad, gently sloping cones that are formed by successive flows of fluid lava. The lava flows easily due to its low viscosity, allowing it to spread over large areas before cooling and solidifying. This results in the gradual building of a broad, shield-shaped mountain. In contrast, cinder cones are steep-sided volcanoes that are formed by explosive eruptions of pyroclastic material, while domes are formed by the slow extrusion of thick, viscous lava. A saddle reef, on the other hand, is a geological feature associated with mineral deposits and has nothing to do with volcanoes.

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The main use of the Abney Level in surveying is to determine the angle of inclination of a slope or surface. An Abney level is a handheld surveying instrument that can measure angles of inclination, slope, or elevation. It consists of a small spirit level mounted on a sighting tube. By looking through the sighting tube and adjusting the angle of the spirit level, the surveyor can measure the angle of inclination of a slope or surface relative to a horizontal plane. Knowing the angle of inclination of a slope or surface is important in surveying for many reasons, including designing roads and other infrastructure, calculating the volume of earthworks, and assessing the stability of the land. Therefore, the correct answer is: "Angle of inclination."

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Urban floods are mainly caused by blockage of drains and waterways. Urban areas are characterized by a large number of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure, which can obstruct the natural flow of water. When it rains, water cannot drain away quickly, leading to the blockage of drains and waterways. This can cause water to accumulate and lead to flooding in urban areas. Other factors, such as the construction of dams and barrages, clearance of vegetation on farmlands, and establishment of shelter belts, can also contribute to urban flooding by altering the natural flow of water. However, the blockage of drains and waterways is the main cause of urban floods.

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The factor that least explains the fast growing population in Africa is the improvement in transportation. While all of the listed factors can contribute to population growth, they have varying levels of impact. For example, control of diseases and the decline in death rate play a significant role in increasing the population by reducing mortality rates. The education of women, especially in regards to family planning and reproductive health, can also help slow down population growth. The provision of more hospitals can improve access to healthcare, which can also contribute to population growth. However, while transportation is important for economic development and access to goods and services, it is not as directly related to population growth as the other listed factors.

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The region of low population density on a population map of the world is Antarctica. Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is covered by ice and snow, making it inhospitable to human life. The hot deserts, such as the Sahara Desert, also have low population densities due to harsh living conditions. However, the Amazon forests and the island of Java both have relatively high population densities due to the availability of resources and favorable living conditions. The Canadian shield is a large region of low-lying land in Canada and also has a low population density.

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Inter-regional trade between countries in West Africa is mainly promoted by the production of similar goods and deliberate government policies in recent times. West African countries produce similar goods such as agricultural products, textiles, and raw materials for industrial use. This creates opportunities for them to trade with each other to meet their respective needs and increase economic growth. In addition, governments in the region have recently implemented policies aimed at promoting regional trade, such as the adoption of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement, which aims to create a single market for goods and services in Africa. While relationships with former colonial rulers and competition among the nations in Africa may also play a role in inter-regional trade, they are not the main factors driving it. Frequent changes in government of different countries can actually have a negative impact on trade due to instability and uncertainty.

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The period when the Earth is furthest from the sun is called "Aphelion." The Earth orbits the sun in an elliptical (oval-shaped) path, which means that its distance from the sun changes over the course of a year. At one point, it is closest to the sun and at another, it is furthest away. The point when the Earth is furthest from the sun is called Aphelion and it usually occurs around July 4th. This is because the Earth's orbit is tilted relative to its rotational axis, which causes the Earth to be closest to the sun during the Northern Hemisphere's winter and furthest from the sun during the Northern Hemisphere's summer.

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The most important industrial mineral of Ghana is gold. Ghana is one of the largest gold-producing countries in Africa and the world, with a rich history of gold mining dating back centuries. The country is endowed with numerous gold deposits, both alluvial and hard rock, which are mined by both large-scale mining companies and small-scale miners. Gold is an important industrial mineral in Ghana because it generates significant revenue for the country's economy, provides employment opportunities for thousands of Ghanaians, and contributes to the country's foreign exchange earnings.

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When the gradient of a river channel changes from a steep to a gentle angle, the main activity of the river will be "Depositing". Explanation: When a river flows down a steep gradient, it has a lot of energy, which it uses to erode the channel and transport the eroded material downstream. This results in a V-shaped valley and a lot of erosion happening. However, when the gradient of the river channel changes to a gentle angle, the river loses some of its energy and begins to slow down. The eroded material it was transporting starts to settle out, and the river begins to deposit the sediment in the form of sand, silt, and clay particles. Over time, the river builds up its bed and banks, creating a wider and more shallow channel. This process is called deposition, and it is the main activity of a river when it reaches a more gentle gradient. As the river continues to deposit sediment, it may form features such as sandbars, point bars, and levees. In summary, when a river's gradient changes from a steep to a gentle angle, the main activity of the river becomes "Depositing" the sediment it has eroded.

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To determine the time when viewers in Lagos watched the contest live on television, we need to consider the time difference between New York and Lagos. New York is in the Western Hemisphere and has a time zone of 75°W, while Lagos is in the Eastern Hemisphere and has a time zone of 15°E. This means that Lagos is ahead of New York by 10 hours, as the Earth rotates from west to east. The World Title Boxing contest took place on a Tuesday between 21:30 and 22:30 Hours in New York. To find out when viewers in Lagos watched it live on television, we need to add 10 hours to the start and end times of the contest in New York. Therefore, the contest started in Lagos on Wednesday (because Lagos is ahead of New York), between 03:30 and 04:30 Hours. is the correct answer.

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The pair of activities that you would NOT find in an equatorial climate are 1 and 5: commercial grain farming and dry farming. Equatorial climates are characterized by high temperatures and high rainfall throughout the year, making it ideal for growing crops that require a lot of moisture, such as rice and other crops grown on plantations. However, commercial grain farming and dry farming, which rely on low rainfall and more arid conditions, are not suitable for this type of climate.

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To determine which town is not a pre-colonial town, we need to understand what is meant by a pre-colonial town. Pre-colonial towns are towns that existed before the arrival of European colonizers in the 19th century. These towns were typically founded by indigenous peoples and had their own distinct cultural and political systems. Of the options provided, all except Enugu are pre-colonial towns. Enugu, on the other hand, was founded in the early 20th century as a coal-mining town by the British colonial administration. This means that Enugu was not in existence before the arrival of European colonizers and is therefore not a pre-colonial town. In summary, Enugu is the town that is not a pre-colonial town. It was founded by the British colonial administration in the early 20th century, whereas the other towns listed existed before the arrival of European colonizers in the 19th century.

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Smooth oval hills composed mainly of boulders or glacial sands and gravels are known as drumlins. Drumlins are glacial landforms that are typically elongated in shape and have a smooth, streamlined appearance. They are formed by the movement of glaciers over the land, which causes the sediment and debris at the base of the glacier to be reshaped and reworked into a teardrop or spoon-like shape with a long axis parallel to the direction of ice flow. Drumlins can be composed of various materials, including boulders, glacial sands, and gravels, which are often mixed together in a chaotic manner. They are typically found in groups or swarms, which can be oriented in different directions depending on the direction of the ice flow. Other glacial landforms that are often associated with drumlins include eskers (long, winding ridges of sand and gravel deposited by meltwater streams), moraines (ridges of glacial debris deposited at the edges of glaciers), aretes (narrow, sharp ridges that form between two glacial valleys), and pyramidal peaks (sharp, pointed mountains formed by the erosive action of glaciers). However, drumlins are distinguished by their characteristic smooth, elongated shape and composition of boulders and glacial sands and gravels.

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When a traveler crosses the International Date Line from America to Asia, they go from West to East, which means they gain a day. So, when it is 12 midnight on Sunday in America, it will be 12 midnight on Monday in Asia.

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The major mountain belts of the world were produced by folding. Mountain belts are large, extensive areas of mountains that form as a result of geological processes. The process of folding is one of the main ways that mountains are produced. It occurs when large masses of rock are subjected to great pressure and heat, causing them to bend and fold. This can happen as a result of tectonic plate movements, where two plates collide and push up the rock in between them. Over time, the folded rocks can become uplifted and exposed, forming towering mountain ranges such as the Rocky Mountains, the Andes, and the Himalayas. Wind erosion, glacial erosion, weathering, and river deposition can all play a role in shaping mountains over time, but they do not directly produce mountains as folding does.

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The new scale of the map would be 1:100,000. A scale of 1:50,000 means that one unit on the map represents 50,000 units in the real world. So, if we reduce this map by half, each unit on the map will now represent double the distance it did before, or 100,000 units in the real world. Therefore, the new scale is 1:100,000.

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Commercial grain farming is an important occupation in Canada and Brazil. Canada and Brazil are both major agricultural countries and have favorable climatic conditions for growing crops. They also have large areas of arable land, which makes them ideal for commercial grain farming. In Canada, wheat is the most commonly grown grain crop, followed by barley, oats, and corn. Brazil, on the other hand, produces a variety of grains, including soybeans, corn, wheat, and rice. Commercial grain farming involves growing crops on a large scale with the aim of selling them for profit. This type of farming requires modern agricultural technologies, such as irrigation systems, fertilizers, and mechanized equipment, to maximize production and minimize labor costs. Commercial grain farming is an important occupation because it helps to ensure food security and contributes significantly to a country's economy by generating revenue from exports.

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The greatest volume of shipping across the Atlantic Ocean is between Europe and North America. This is because Europe and North America are two of the largest economies in the world, with significant trade relationships between them. Many products and goods are transported across the Atlantic Ocean, including raw materials, food, machinery, and consumer goods. The route between Europe and North America is also relatively short compared to other possible routes, such as between Africa and South America or between Africa and North America. As a result, it is a popular and efficient route for shipping companies to transport goods between these two continents.

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The factor that best explains the rapid increase in world population during the twentieth century is the decrease in death rates. This is due to advances in medicine, improved sanitation, and better access to food and clean water. As people began to live longer and survive diseases that once were fatal, the population grew rapidly. While increasing world production of food did play a role, it was largely a result of the increase in population, rather than a cause. The abolition of the slave trade and large-scale migration of people did not have a significant impact on the overall population growth. Lastly, birth rates did increase in some regions, but not enough to account for the rapid increase in population without the decrease in death rates.

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The statement that is false is: "Africa's railway lines are all of uniform gauge." Explanation: A railway line's gauge is the distance between the rails on a track. In Africa, there are different gauges of railway lines, which makes it challenging for trains to move across borders or between different railway systems. For instance, in Southern Africa, there are three different gauges: Cape gauge (1067mm), which is used in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Zambia, narrow gauge (610mm), which is used in Angola, and meter gauge (1000mm), which is used in Mozambique, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In East Africa, the standard gauge (1435mm) is being implemented in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda to create a modern, efficient, and connected railway system. Therefore, Africa's railway lines are not of uniform gauge, making it challenging for cross-border transportation and requiring a switch of trains and cargo handling equipment.

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All of the statements are true except for the second statement, "Scandinavia is noted for its hardwood timber," which is incorrect. While Scandinavia is indeed known for its timber industry, the majority of the trees grown in the region are softwoods, such as spruce, pine, and fir, rather than hardwoods. Softwoods are commonly used for construction, paper, and other industrial applications, while hardwoods are typically used for furniture, flooring, and decorative purposes. Therefore, the correct answer is B, "Scandinavia is noted for its hardwood timber," as it is the only statement that is incorrect.

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The vegetation of the warm temperate eastern margin is typically characterized by "mixed deciduous and coniferous forests." This means that the forests in these areas are composed of a mixture of trees that lose their leaves in the fall (deciduous) and trees that have needles and retain their leaves throughout the year (coniferous). The warm temperate eastern margin is a region that is characterized by moderate temperatures and precipitation throughout the year. The combination of these factors provides a suitable environment for a diverse range of tree species to thrive, leading to the development of mixed forests. In mixed deciduous and coniferous forests, the deciduous trees typically dominate in the lower and middle layers of the forest, while the coniferous trees dominate in the upper layer. This creates a complex, layered forest structure that provides habitat for a wide range of wildlife. The deciduous trees also shed their leaves in the fall, which provides nutrients for the forest floor and supports the growth of understory plants. The coniferous trees, on the other hand, provide a year-round source of food and shelter for animals. Overall, mixed deciduous and coniferous forests are an important ecosystem that provides a range of ecological services, including carbon storage, water filtration, and habitat for biodiversity.

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Two factors that promote rapid chemical weathering in the tropics are high temperature and high humidity. Chemical weathering is a process where rocks and minerals are broken down through chemical reactions, and the high temperatures and high humidity found in the tropics promote this process. The warm temperatures accelerate the rate of chemical reactions, while the high humidity provides the necessary moisture for the reactions to occur. The moisture in the air also helps to dissolve minerals, making them more susceptible to chemical reactions. In contrast, low temperatures and aridity slow down the rate of chemical weathering, as there is not enough moisture for the necessary chemical reactions to occur. Low rainfall also means that there is less water available to dissolve minerals, which can further slow down the process of chemical weathering.

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