JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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The condition in which a gene does not manifest observable characteristics in the presence of its dominant allele is known as recessiveness. In genetics, alleles are different versions of a gene. When an organism has two different alleles for a particular gene, one allele will be dominant and the other will be recessive. The dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele, so that the observable characteristics associated with the dominant allele are expressed in the organism. A recessive gene is only expressed when an organism has two copies of that gene, one from each parent. If an organism has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the dominant allele will mask the expression of the recessive allele. So, the answer to the question is recessiveness. Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence of a gene, while dominance refers to the relationship between two alleles, where one allele masks the expression of another. Homozygosity refers to the condition in which an organism has two identical alleles for a particular gene.

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The following are necessary operations in maize cultivation except nursery practices. Maize cultivation involves a number of steps, including preparation of the soil, planting, weeding, thinning, and fertilizer application. Weeding is important to remove competing vegetation that can reduce the growth and yields of the maize crop. Thinning involves removing excess plants in order to allow the remaining plants to grow to their full potential. Fertilizer application provides the plants with essential nutrients that they need to grow and produce a healthy crop. Nursery practices refer to the process of growing plants in a protected environment, such as a greenhouse or a nursery, before transplanting them to the field. While nursery practices can be important for some crops, they are not a necessary operation in maize cultivation. Maize can be directly seeded into the field and grown to maturity without the need for a separate nursery stage.

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An important farm machine used for coupling many implements is a tractor. A tractor is a powerful vehicle that is equipped with a hitch system, which allows it to connect and tow a variety of implements, such as plows, harrows, cultivators, mowers, and more. Tractors are widely used in agriculture to perform a range of tasks, from tilling soil to planting and harvesting crops. A disc harrow is also a common implement used in agriculture, but it is not typically used for coupling many implements. A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to break up and level soil, as well as control weeds. A harvester is a machine that is used for harvesting crops, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Harvesters typically have a cutting mechanism and a collection system to gather the crops as they are harvested. A plough is a farm implement that is used for breaking up and turning over soil in preparation for planting crops. Plows come in various sizes and types, and they can be mounted on tractors or pulled by draft animals.

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Ginger is propagated by rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow horizontally and produce roots and shoots. Essentially, you can plant a piece of a ginger rhizome, and it will grow into a new plant. This is a common way to propagate ginger because it is easy and efficient, and it allows you to quickly produce many new plants from one parent plant. In simple terms, you can think of rhizomes as "cuttings" that you can take from an existing ginger plant and plant elsewhere to grow a new plant.

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The average weather condition of a place, measured over a long period of time, is called climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological conditions in a specific region. Climate is different from weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is determined by a variety of factors, including the geography of a region, its distance from the equator, and the prevailing winds and ocean currents. Climate is a complex system and it can take many years of data and observation to understand it completely. Understanding a region's climate is important for a variety of reasons, including agriculture, transportation, and energy production.

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Root-knot disease of tomato is caused by a type of parasitic nematode. Nematodes are microscopic, worm-like organisms that can infect the roots of plants. In the case of root-knot disease of tomato, the nematodes feed on the roots of the plant, causing knots or galls to form. This can result in reduced growth, reduced yields, and in severe cases, death of the plant. The nematodes can survive in the soil for long periods of time and they can infect a wide range of plants, including tomatoes, peppers, melons, and many others. To control root-knot disease, it is important to practice good crop rotation, avoid planting susceptible crops in infested soil, and use nematicides if necessary.

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The practice of bee farming is called apiculture. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the maintenance and management of bee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee products. Beekeepers typically raise bees in hives, and they may also use various techniques to increase the productivity and health of the colonies. Heliculture is the cultivation of snails, typically for their meat and eggs. Forestry is the practice of managing forests and woodlands, while agronomy is the science of managing and utilizing land for the production of crops and livestock. These practices are not related to apiculture or beekeeping.

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The following is not a method of improving rangeland: regular application of fertilizers. Improving rangeland involves managing the land in a way that promotes the growth of desirable vegetation and reduces the impact of undesirable vegetation. One of the methods of improving rangeland is practicing continuous grazing, which involves rotating animals from one area to another to prevent overgrazing and allow the vegetation to recover. Routine and regular weeding involves removing unwanted plants that compete with the desirable vegetation for water, nutrients, and light. Routine reseeding involves replanting desirable vegetation that has been lost due to natural causes or overgrazing. While regular application of fertilizers can be important for improving the quality of cultivated crops, it is not a method of improving rangeland. In many cases, applying fertilizers to rangeland can actually have negative impacts, such as altering the natural balance of the ecosystem and promoting the growth of undesirable vegetation. It is often better to manage rangeland through a combination of grazing management, weed control, and reseeding, rather than applying fertilizers.

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Ginning is a method of processing cotton. Ginning is the process of separating the cotton fibers from the seeds in cotton crops. The cotton fibers are used to make textiles, while the cotton seeds are used for oil production. Ginning is done by passing the cotton through a machine called a cotton gin, which uses a combination of mechanical and manual processes to separate the fibers from the seeds. Cocoa, oil palm, and palm kernel oil are not processed by ginning. Cocoa is a crop that is used to make chocolate, while oil palm is a type of palm tree that is grown for its oil-rich fruit. Palm kernel oil is derived from the seeds of the oil palm tree and is used in a variety of food and industrial products. So, the answer to the question is cotton.

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The surveying equipment used for measuring angles during farm surveying is a Theodolite. A Theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure both horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a rotating tripod mounted telescope that can be swiveled both vertically and horizontally. The Theodolite is used to determine angles between points on the land, which is important in farm surveying to calculate the slope of the land, the direction of water flow, and other important aspects of land management. The Theodolite makes precise measurements by using a system of crosshairs and a protractor-like scale. This information is used to create maps and plans for the farm, which helps farmers to make informed decisions about planting crops, managing water resources, and other important tasks.

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Storm is not an example of edaphic factors. Edaphic factors refer to the soil and other physical and chemical characteristics of the land, such as rocks and topography, that influence the growth and development of plants and other organisms in an ecosystem. Storms, on the other hand, are events that occur in the atmosphere, such as heavy rainfall, strong winds, and lightning, and they do not directly influence the soil and land characteristics.

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Subsistence agriculture is characterized by small farm holdings and the production of food for the farmer's own use and consumption. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming that is practiced on a small scale and is focused on providing food and basic necessities for the farmer and their family, rather than producing crops for sale or trade. Subsistence farmers typically cultivate small plots of land and use simple tools and techniques to grow crops and raise animals. In contrast, large scale agriculture is characterized by the use of machines and intensive use of inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, to maximize production and increase profits. While subsistence agriculture can provide food security for the farmer and their family, it can also result in low yields and limited economic opportunities. On the other hand, large scale agriculture can be more efficient and profitable, but can also lead to environmental degradation and social inequalities.

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Fertile soil is one that contains all essential plant nutrients in suitable proportions. Fertile soil is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, that are essential for plant growth and development. It also contains other important minerals and organic matter that support the health of the soil and the plants growing in it. A soil that is fertile will produce a good harvest of crops, including cowpea, because the plants are able to access the nutrients they need to grow strong and healthy. In addition to being rich in nutrients, fertile soil is also well aerated and easily drained, which allows the roots of the plants to access air and water, two critical components of healthy plant growth.

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In subsistence agriculture, surplus produce is small and savings are not made. Subsistence agriculture is a type of agricultural system in which farmers grow food primarily for their own consumption and for the consumption of their families and communities. In subsistence agriculture, farmers typically have limited resources and technology, and the focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than producing a surplus for sale or trade. As a result, the surplus produce from subsistence agriculture is typically small, and farmers do not have the resources or market access to make savings or investments. Instead, they focus on producing enough food to feed themselves and their families. Farm sizes in subsistence agriculture can vary, and may range from small plots of land to larger holdings. The main focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than maximizing production and profits. So, the answer to the question is surplus produce is small and savings are not made.

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Planting different varieties of timber is not a problem of forest management. It is actually a solution to the problem. The idea behind planting different varieties of timber is to improve the health and diversity of the forest ecosystem, which can make it more resilient to pests, disease, and other threats. By planting different types of trees, forest managers can also create a more varied and sustainable source of wood and other forest products, which can help to support local communities and economies.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a male cattle that has reached adulthood and is used for breeding and for producing beef. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than cows (female cattle) and have distinctive characteristics such as horns and a hump on their shoulders. They play an important role in the agriculture industry, as they are used for breeding to produce more cattle for dairy, beef, and other agricultural purposes. Ram is a term used for adult male sheep, while boar is a term used for adult male pigs. Duck is a type of waterbird and not a type of cattle.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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The correct answer is: Igneous rock. Igneous rock is a type of rock that forms from the solidification of magma or lava. Magma is molten rock that is found underneath the Earth's crust. When the magma rises to the surface and cools down, it solidifies into a rock that we call igneous rock. Examples of igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and pumice. Metamorphic rock, on the other hand, is a type of rock that forms from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and/or chemical processes. These rocks are transformed from one type of rock into another. Sedimentary rock is a type of rock that forms from the accumulation and compression of sediment, such as sand, mud, and other organic materials. These rocks are often found in layers and can contain fossils. Caleima rock is not a recognized type of rock.

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A subsidy in agricultural enterprise is a financial benefit provided by the government to support the agricultural sector. It can take many forms, but one example is the supply of fertilizers to farmers at a reduced price. In this scenario, the government reduces the cost of fertilizers for farmers by providing subsidies, making it more affordable for them to purchase the necessary inputs to grow their crops. This helps to improve the overall productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, and can have a positive impact on the lives of farmers and the local economy. The other options listed (borrowing of money from a thrift society, provision of money to farmers through commercial banks, and provision of services through cooperative societies) are not considered subsidies in the strictest sense. However, they may still provide valuable support to farmers and the agricultural sector in other ways.

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The most suitable source of power for stationary equipment on the farm is electricity. This is because it is consistent, reliable, and can provide the necessary power to run equipment such as pumps, lights, and other appliances. Electricity can also be easily transported to remote areas through power lines, making it accessible to farms in rural areas. Additionally, electricity is a clean and efficient source of energy, which is important for farmers who want to minimize their impact on the environment. Overall, electricity is the best choice for providing power to stationary equipment on the farm.

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Layer's ration contains more limestone than grower's ration because limestone supplies sufficient minerals to layers for shell formation. Layers are chickens that are specifically raised for egg production, while growers are chickens that are raised for meat production. The composition of the feed for these two types of chickens is different, with layer's ration containing more calcium in the form of limestone. Calcium is an essential mineral for the formation of eggshells, and it is important for layers to have a constant supply of calcium in their diet. The higher level of limestone in layer's ration helps to ensure that the layers have access to the calcium they need for strong and healthy eggshells. On the other hand, growers do not require as much calcium in their diet as layers, so their ration contains less limestone.

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The natural resource utilized for production refers to the resources that are found in nature and used to produce goods and services. These resources include land, water, minerals, forests, and other raw materials that are necessary for production. They are the foundation for economic activity, as they provide the raw materials and energy needed to produce goods and services. They are finite, meaning that they are limited in availability and once used, they cannot be replenished. Therefore, it is important to use them in a sustainable manner, to ensure that they are available for future generations.

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A spade is not a farm surveying equipment. Farm surveying equipment refers to the tools and instruments used to measure and map the land for agricultural purposes. This equipment is used to determine the boundaries and dimensions of a field, the slope of the land, and other physical features that can affect the planning and management of agriculture. The Abney level, compass, and Gunter's chain are all examples of farm surveying equipment. The Abney level is a type of hand-held instrument used to measure angles and slopes. The compass is used to determine direction and to align survey lines. Gunter's chain is a type of measuring tape that is used to measure distances and to lay out survey lines. A spade, on the other hand, is a tool used for digging and removing soil. While a spade can be useful for preparing the soil for planting, it is not typically considered a surveying instrument.

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Financial assistance from the government to farmers is usually in the form of loans, credits, and subsidies. These forms of financial support are intended to help farmers purchase necessary equipment, improve their farming practices, and increase their food production. However, financial assistance in the form of tax is not typically offered to farmers. Tax is a financial obligation that must be paid by individuals and businesses, including farmers, to the government. Tax is not considered a form of financial assistance as it is not intended to provide financial support to the taxpayer. Instead, tax is used to fund various government services and programs.

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The main objectives of agriculture are food production, income generation, and provision of employment. Food production refers to the growing of crops and raising of livestock for the purpose of feeding people. Agriculture is the main source of food for most populations around the world and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. Income generation refers to the use of agriculture as a means to earn money. This can be achieved through the sale of crops, livestock, and other agricultural products. Agriculture provides a source of livelihood for millions of people, particularly in rural areas. Provision of employment refers to the creation of job opportunities in the agricultural sector. This includes jobs in farming, processing, and other related industries. Agriculture can help to reduce unemployment, especially in areas where there are limited job opportunities. The objective of provision of shelter is not typically considered one of the main objectives of agriculture. Although, agriculture can play a role in providing materials for building homes, such as wood and other natural resources, the primary focus of agriculture is on food production, income generation, and employment.

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The agricultural extension method that aims at reaching a large number of farmers at the same time is the mass method. The mass method involves using mass media, such as radio and television, to reach a large audience with information about agriculture. This method allows extension workers to reach many farmers at once, even in remote areas, and to provide them with important information about new techniques, best practices, and other aspects of agriculture. The group method involves working with small groups of farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific local issues, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass method. The individual method involves working one-on-one with farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be very effective for addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass or group methods. The contact method involves making personal visits to farmers to provide them with information and support. This method can be effective for building relationships and addressing specific needs, but it may not reach as many farmers as the mass, group, or individual methods.

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The most versatile source of farm power in West Africa is likely to be animal power, specifically using oxen or cattle to plow fields and perform other tasks. In many rural areas of West Africa, access to electricity and other modern sources of energy is limited, making it difficult to use more technologically advanced methods like biogas, wind, or water power. However, animals such as oxen or cattle are readily available and can be trained to perform a wide range of tasks on the farm. In addition, animal power is flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes, including plowing, transportation, and even as a source of fertilizer. This versatility makes animal power a valuable asset for farmers in West Africa.

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The alternate heating and cooling of rocks can result in a process called thermal stress. When rocks are subjected to changes in temperature, the different layers of the rock expand and contract at different rates. This can cause stress on the rock and over time, it can lead to cracking and breaking, a process known as fragmentation. This can happen as a result of volcanic activity, tectonic activity, or weathering and erosion. The rocks can also undergo cycles of heating and cooling and this can result in the formation of fractures and joints. In some cases, the heat can be so intense that it causes the rocks to melt, resulting in the formation of magma and new igneous rocks.

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The hormone responsible for milk let down in female farm animals is oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary gland and is released into the bloodstream when the animal is ready to nurse its young or be milked. When oxytocin is released, it stimulates the contraction of the muscles in the mammary glands, causing the milk to flow from the teat. This hormone plays a crucial role in the lactation process and is essential for providing nourishment to the young in many species of mammals, including cows, goats, and sheep. The release of oxytocin can also be triggered by the stimulation of the teats, such as when a calf or kid suckles or when a milker applies a milking machine to the teat, making it a key player in the dairy industry.

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Callosobruchus maculatus is a common pest of cowpea. Cowpea is a type of bean that is widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world. Callosobruchus maculatus is a tiny beetle that feeds on the seeds of the cowpea plant. This insect can cause serious damage to the crop, reducing the yield and quality of the beans. The beetle lays its eggs on the surface of the cowpea seeds, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae burrow into the seed and start feeding on it. This feeding can damage the seed and make it unviable, reducing the yield of the crop.

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Lions, elephants, and donkeys are usually kept in game reserves. Game reserves are areas of land where wild animals are protected and kept in their natural habitats. These animals are usually native to the region and are kept safe from hunting or other human activities that may harm them. The purpose of game reserves is to conserve the animals and their ecosystems for future generations to enjoy and appreciate.

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A parasite is a biotic factor that can influence agricultural production. Biotic factors refer to living organisms and their interactions within an ecosystem. A parasite is a type of organism that lives on or within another organism, known as the host, and feeds on its host's resources. In agriculture, parasites can have a negative impact on crops and livestock, reducing their health and productivity. Soil pH, topography, and soil texture are abiotic factors that influence agricultural production. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical characteristics of the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and soil. These factors can affect the growth and development of crops and livestock, and must be considered when planning and managing agricultural production.

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The amount of nitrogen in a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer can be calculated by multiplying the total weight of the bag by the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Since the urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen, we can express this as a decimal: 46% = 0.46. Next, we multiply the total weight of the bag (25kg) by the decimal equivalent of the nitrogen content (0.46): 25kg * 0.46 = 11.5kg So, a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer contains approximately 11.5kg of nitrogen.

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