WAEC SSCE - Commerce - 2019

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An international trade practice where goods are exchanged for other goods is called barter trade. Barter trade refers to a system of exchange where goods or services are exchanged directly for other goods or services without the use of money. This practice has been used since ancient times and is still used today in certain situations, particularly in situations where traditional currency is scarce or difficult to obtain. For example, a country that has an excess of agricultural goods, such as wheat, may exchange it for machinery or technology with another country that needs the wheat but has a surplus of technology. In this way, both countries can obtain goods they need without having to use traditional currency. Therefore, barter trade is a form of international trade where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services, without the use of money. It allows countries to obtain the goods they need without having to use traditional currency, which can be particularly useful in situations where currency is scarce or difficult to obtain.

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The keyboard of a computer is classified as an "input device". An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and commands into a computer. The keyboard is one of the most commonly used input devices, as it allows you to type text, numbers, and symbols into the computer. The information you type on the keyboard is then processed by the computer's central processing unit (CPU) and can be used to perform various tasks, such as writing a document or playing a game. The keyboard is an essential component of a computer system, as it provides a way for users to interact with the computer and control its functions.

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The components of "cash in hand and at bank, plus debtors" are "current assets". Current assets are items that a company owns and can be converted into cash within one year or less. Cash in hand and at bank refers to the physical cash that the company has on hand or the cash that it has deposited in a bank account. Debtors are individuals or companies that owe money to the company and are expected to pay within a year. By adding the value of these items together, we get the total value of the company's current assets. These assets are important because they provide the company with liquidity, which means it has the ability to meet its short-term financial obligations, such as paying its bills and meeting its payroll. Other examples of current assets include inventory, prepaid expenses, and short-term investments. In contrast, intangible assets are non-physical assets that cannot be easily converted into cash, such as patents or goodwill, while current liabilities refer to debts that must be paid within a year or less. Finally, depleting assets are those that are consumed or used up over time, such as natural resources.

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Computer manufacturers in an area could form a producer association. A producer association is an organization formed by producers or manufacturers of a particular product or group of products. The main purpose of a producer association is to promote the interests of its members and to improve their economic and social conditions. In the case of computer manufacturers, a producer association could provide a platform for them to share knowledge, resources, and expertise, and to collectively address issues that affect their industry, such as government regulations, trade policies, and technological developments. By working together, the members of a producer association can leverage their collective strength to achieve greater success and sustainability.

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An instruction to a bank to make regular payments to a third party on behalf of a customer is called a standing order. This is a type of payment arrangement where the customer provides their bank with instructions to transfer a fixed amount of money at regular intervals, such as weekly or monthly, to another person or organization. Standing orders are often used for recurring payments, such as rent, mortgage payments, or utility bills. They provide a convenient way to automate regular payments without the need for manual intervention each time. The customer sets up the standing order with their bank, specifying the amount to be paid, the frequency of the payments, and the recipient's details. The bank then carries out the payment automatically on the specified dates. It's important to note that a standing order is different from a direct debit, which allows a third party to automatically collect varying amounts from the customer's account on specific dates. With a standing order, the customer retains control over the amount and timing of the payments.

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The factor of production that is fixed in nature is land. In economics, the factors of production are the resources that are used to produce goods and services. These factors include land, labor, entrepreneurship, and capital. Land refers to all natural resources, such as forests, water, and minerals, that are used in production. Unlike labor, entrepreneurship, and capital, land is considered a fixed factor of production. This means that the amount of land available for use in production is limited and cannot be easily increased or decreased in the short run. For example, the amount of land available for farming is fixed, and cannot be increased unless more land is reclaimed or purchased. This fixed nature of land as a factor of production means that the productivity of land is also limited. The amount of output that can be produced from a given amount of land is determined by factors such as the quality of the land, the technology used in production, and the skills of the labor force. As a result, land is an important factor in determining the overall productivity of an economy.

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The choice of transport for goods is influenced by several factors, one of which is the nature of the goods to be transported. Different types of goods require different modes of transport, depending on their fragility, perishability, weight, and volume. For example, delicate and perishable goods such as fresh flowers or seafood may require air transport, while bulky and heavy goods such as construction materials may require road or rail transport. Thus, the nature of the goods to be transported plays a crucial role in determining the most suitable mode of transport for them.

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A stock exchange broker is engaged in a commercial occupation. A stock exchange broker is a professional who buys and sells stocks, bonds, and other securities on behalf of clients. They work in the financial industry and are responsible for executing trades, managing investments, and offering advice on investment strategies. Their primary goal is to help clients make informed investment decisions and grow their wealth. In summary, a stock exchange broker is not involved in construction, extractive, or manufacturing work. Instead, they work in the commercial sector, specifically in finance and investing.

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The headquarters of the Mano River Union is located in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The Mano River Union is a regional organization that was established in 1973 by the leaders of Liberia and Sierra Leone to promote economic cooperation and integration among their countries. Guinea later joined the organization in 1980. The organization is named after the Mano River, which flows through the three member countries. The Mano River Union has a number of objectives, including promoting economic development, improving infrastructure, and enhancing regional security. The headquarters of the Mano River Union is located in Freetown, Sierra Leone's capital city. This is where the organization's main administrative functions are carried out, and where member countries meet to discuss and plan their activities.

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A risk whose probability of occurrence is impossible to estimate is called an uninsurable risk. This type of risk is generally not covered by insurance policies, as insurance companies require a measurable probability of loss in order to calculate the premium that a policyholder must pay. Examples of uninsurable risks may include events that are so rare or unpredictable that there is no actuarial data available to estimate their likelihood, such as a meteorite striking a building or a major earthquake in an area that is not typically seismically active. Uninsurable risks can also include risks that are outside of the control of the policyholder, such as war or political instability in a region where a business operates. In these cases, insurance companies may offer coverage, but at a very high premium or with significant limitations on the coverage. Overall, uninsurable risks are difficult to manage and require careful consideration by individuals and businesses. It is important to have contingency plans in place to mitigate the potential impact of these risks, such as emergency funds or diversified investments.

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Rent is the return on land. It refers to the payment made to the owner of land for its use. The owner of the land earns rent simply by virtue of owning the land, and not from any effort or investment on their part. The amount of rent is determined by factors such as the location, size, and quality of the land, as well as the demand for its use. Rent is an example of a factor of production, which is a resource used in the production of goods and services. Unlike wages, which are the return on labor, or interest, which is the return on a loan, rent is the return on the use of a specific factor of production, namely land.

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The type of advertising aimed at taking away existing buyers from their current brand or supplier is called "competitive" advertising. Competitive advertising is a strategy where a company promotes its products or services by highlighting their benefits over those of its competitors. The goal is to convince customers to switch from their current brand or supplier to the advertiser's brand or supplier. This type of advertising can be very effective when done correctly because it helps to create brand awareness and differentiate products or services from the competition. However, it can also be risky as it may cause a backlash from competitors or customers who feel loyal to their existing brand. Other types of advertising include: - Informative advertising: This type of advertising focuses on providing information about a product or service to the target audience. The goal is to educate the audience and create awareness about the product or service. - Negative advertising: This type of advertising focuses on highlighting the flaws or weaknesses of a competitor's product or service. The goal is to discredit the competition and convince customers to switch to the advertiser's product or service. - Mass advertising: This type of advertising targets a large audience through mediums such as television, radio, or print media. The goal is to reach as many people as possible to create brand awareness and promote products or services.

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A counter offer is a new offer made in response to an original offer, which terminates the original offer. It essentially rejects the terms of the original offer and proposes new terms. Once a counter offer is made, the original offer is no longer valid and cannot be accepted unless the counter offer is rejected. Therefore, a counter offer terminates the original offer.

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A customer who wishes to withdraw an amount greater than the balance in his current account would apply for an overdraft. An overdraft is a type of loan that allows a customer to spend more money than they have in their account, up to a certain limit set by their bank. This type of loan is often used to cover unexpected expenses or to make purchases when there is not enough money in the account. The customer is then required to repay the overdraft, usually with interest, once their account balance is back in the positive. An overdraft is different from a loan, which is a set amount of money that a customer borrows and must repay over a fixed period of time, and a credit transfer, which is a transfer of funds from one account to another.

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A firm that turns timber into wooden office desks belongs to the construction industry. The construction industry involves the production of buildings, infrastructure, and other structures. It includes companies that specialize in different stages of construction, such as design, planning, building, and furnishing. Since the firm is involved in the production of office desks, which are a type of office furniture, it falls under the construction industry. The firm is taking raw materials, in this case, timber, and turning it into a finished product that can be used in the construction of buildings or the furnishing of offices. Therefore, the construction industry is the most appropriate label for this firm.

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The communication equipment stationed in space for sending signals is called a satellite. A satellite is an object that orbits around the Earth, and it can receive signals from a ground station and then retransmit them to another location on Earth. Satellites are used for a variety of purposes, such as providing television and radio broadcasts, facilitating long-distance telephone calls, and enabling global positioning services. Satellites are essential for modern communication, and they have revolutionized the way people connect with each other across the world.

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The management term that refers to the number of staff a superior officer can efficiently supervise is called "span of control." Span of control is the number of subordinates that a manager or supervisor can effectively manage and oversee. It is also referred to as the "span of management." A manager's span of control can be affected by a number of factors, including the complexity of the work, the level of experience and competence of the subordinates, the degree of autonomy given to subordinates, and the nature of the communication and interaction required between the manager and the subordinates. Having a reasonable span of control is important because it ensures that managers can effectively oversee and guide their subordinates, without becoming overwhelmed or overburdened. A manager with too many subordinates may find it difficult to effectively communicate with them, monitor their progress, and provide appropriate guidance and feedback. Conversely, a manager with too few subordinates may not be utilizing their resources effectively and may be seen as inefficient.

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A means of payment through the post office is a "money order." A money order is a payment order for a pre-specified amount of money, which is issued and guaranteed by the post office. It is a secure and reliable way to transfer funds, especially when you need to make payments to someone who doesn't accept personal checks or online payments. You can purchase a money order at your local post office, fill it out with the recipient's name and address, and mail it to them or hand it to them in person. The recipient can then cash the money order at their own post office or bank. Unlike personal checks, money orders do not bounce, and they can be replaced if lost or stolen (for a fee).

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A diagram showing the positions of the structure of a company is called an organizational chart. An organizational chart is a visual representation of the hierarchy and structure of a company. It displays the different positions and job roles in the organization and how they relate to each other. The chart typically shows the top-level executives at the top, with lower-level managers and employees further down. It may also show the different departments or functional areas of the company and how they are organized. The chart helps to provide a clear understanding of the company's structure and the roles and responsibilities of its employees.

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Goods sold under a distinctive trademark are "branded goods." A trademark is a symbol, design, or word that distinguishes one company's products from another's. When goods are sold under a trademark, they are known as branded goods. This means that the company has placed its brand on the product, which helps customers easily identify the product and associate it with the company. Branded goods can range from everyday items like clothing and food to luxury goods like designer handbags and jewelry.

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The proportion of the total deposit that a commercial bank must keep as cash and convertible paper is called the liquidity ratio. This is a requirement set by the central bank of a country to ensure that banks have enough liquid assets to meet their obligations to depositors, in case there is a sudden demand for withdrawals. For example, if the liquidity ratio is set at 20%, then a bank with $100 in deposits would need to hold $20 in cash or convertible paper. The remaining $80 could be used for lending or other investments. The liquidity ratio is important for maintaining financial stability and preventing bank runs. If banks did not have to hold a certain proportion of their deposits as liquid assets, they could potentially lend out all of their deposits, leaving them vulnerable to a sudden demand for withdrawals from depositors. The liquidity ratio helps ensure that banks have enough liquid assets on hand to meet their obligations and maintain confidence in the banking system.

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Retail outlets that sell from vehicles are called "mobile shops." Mobile shops are retail outlets that operate from vehicles such as vans, trucks, or trailers. They can sell a variety of products, from food and beverages to clothing, electronics, and more. Mobile shops can be found in various locations, such as on the streets, at fairs, festivals, and other events, or in designated areas such as parking lots. Mobile shops are popular because they offer convenience and flexibility to both the seller and the customer. They can easily move from one location to another, allowing them to reach a wider audience and sell in areas where traditional stores may not be available. Other types of retail outlets include: - Supermarkets: Large stores that sell a wide range of products, such as groceries, household items, and electronics. - Departmental stores: Large stores that sell a variety of products, such as clothing, furniture, and household items. - Chain stores: Retail outlets that are part of a larger chain of stores, selling similar products and following the same branding and marketing strategies.

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A firm that imports goods with the intention of re-exporting them is engaged in "entrepot trade". Entrepot trade refers to the practice of importing goods into a country and then re-exporting them without any substantial change or processing. The term "entrepot" comes from the French word "entrepôt" which means "warehouse", and it refers to the use of the importing country as a storage or transit point for goods before they are shipped to their final destination. This type of trade allows for the efficient movement of goods between countries and can provide benefits for both the importing and exporting countries.

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Advertising increases the demand for goods and services by promoting them to potential customers. When companies advertise their products or services, they aim to make people aware of what they have to offer and persuade them to buy them. This increased awareness and persuasion can lead to an increase in demand for the advertised goods and services. Banking, transportation, and warehousing are all important activities in the economy, but they do not directly increase demand for goods and services. Banking facilitates the transfer of funds, while transportation moves goods from one place to another, and warehousing stores goods until they are ready to be sold. While these activities are necessary for a functioning economy, they do not create new demand for goods and services in the same way that advertising does.

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An instruction to a bank to make a regular payment to a third party on behalf of a customer is called a "standing order." A standing order is an instruction that you give to your bank to make a set amount of money available to a third party on a regular basis. For example, you could set up a standing order to pay your rent or a monthly subscription fee to a service provider. The payment is made automatically by the bank, so you don't have to worry about missing a payment or having to make a transfer every month. This type of payment is often used for bills, rent, or other recurring expenses.

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A partner whose only contribution to the partnership is his name and goodwill is known as a nominal partner or a sleeping partner. A nominal partner does not actively participate in the management of the partnership business, but their name and reputation are used to help attract customers and increase the credibility of the business. The nominal partner may receive a share of the profits, but they do not have any control over the day-to-day operations or financial decisions of the business. This type of partnership arrangement is different from an active partner, who is involved in the management and decision-making of the business, and a limited partner, who provides financial contributions to the partnership but does not participate in the management.

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The combination of business activities of Abbas Ltd and Denko Ltd to form one large company is called an amalgamation. An amalgamation is a process in which two or more companies merge their business operations to form a new entity, which can either be a new company or an existing one. In this case, Abbas Ltd and Denko Ltd are coming together to form a new company that will incorporate the business activities of both firms. This process is also known as a merger or a consolidation.

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XYZ Bank of Commerce PLC is the drawee in a transaction. The term "drawee" refers to a bank or financial institution that is responsible for paying a check or draft when it is presented for payment. In other words, the drawee is the bank that holds the account to which the check or draft is written and is responsible for paying the amount specified on the check or draft. In the context of XYZ Bank of Commerce PLC, it would be the bank that would be responsible for paying out funds to the payee if a check or draft was written to them.

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The European Union is not an economic grouping in West Africa. The European Union is a political and economic union of European countries, and it is not located in West Africa. The other options, such as the Economic Community of West African States, the Lake Chad Basin Commission, and the Niger Basin Commission are all economic groupings in West Africa. These organizations promote regional economic cooperation and integration among their member states.

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A cheque for which payment is refused due to insufficient funds is called a "dishonored cheque". When you write a cheque, you are instructing your bank to pay a certain amount of money to the person or organization you are paying. However, if you do not have enough money in your account to cover the amount of the cheque, the bank will not be able to make the payment. This results in the cheque being returned to the recipient with a "dishonored" stamp on it, indicating that the payment has been refused. This can result in fees and penalties for both the issuer and the recipient of the cheque. Therefore, it is important to ensure that you have sufficient funds in your account before writing a cheque to avoid having it dishonored.

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a) Four career opportunities available to a student of commerce include:

1. Accountant
2. Business analyst
3. Marketing manager
4. Financial analyst

b) Two functions of an entrepreneur are:

1. Identifying business opportunities and creating new products or services to meet customer needs.
2. Taking calculated risks to start and grow a business.

c)

1. Extractive industry: involves the extraction of natural resources such as minerals, oil, and gas from the earth.

Example: Mining, oil drilling.

2. Construction industry: involves the building of physical structures such as houses, buildings, roads, and bridges.

Example: Construction of a new apartment complex, building a bridge.

3. Manufacturing industry: involves the production of goods through the use of raw materials and machinery.

Example: Production of cars, electronics.

4. Tertiary industry: involves providing services to customers, such as retail, transportation, finance, and healthcare.

Example: Opening a restaurant, starting a transportation company.

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(a) Three benefits of a commodity exchange are:

1. Price discovery: Commodity exchanges provide a transparent platform for buyers and sellers to discover the market price of a commodity based on supply and demand.
2. Risk management: Commodity exchanges offer hedging instruments such as futures and options contracts, which enable market participants to manage their price risk.
3. Standardization: Commodity exchanges establish and enforce quality and quantity standards for commodities traded on their platform, which helps to ensure that buyers and sellers receive the products they expect.

(b) Two methods of trading in a commodity exchange are:

1. Open outcry: In this method, buyers and sellers gather on the trading floor of the exchange and communicate their bids and offers to each other verbally or through hand signals.
2. Electronic trading: In this method, buyers and sellers use a computerized trading platform provided by the exchange to submit their bids and offers, and execute trades.

(c) Four requirements for trading in a commodity exchange are:

1. Membership: To trade on a commodity exchange, a person or firm must be a member of the exchange or have an account with a member firm.
2. Margin deposit: Market participants must deposit a certain amount of money with the exchange or their member firm to cover potential losses from trading.
3. Compliance: Market participants must comply with the rules and regulations of the exchange, including those related to trading procedures, product specifications, and risk management.
4. Market knowledge: Market participants must have a good understanding of the commodity they are trading, including its supply and demand dynamics, quality standards, and price volatility. This knowledge can be acquired through research, analysis, and experience.

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a) The term that relates to the above situation is a "current account deficit."

b) Here are six measures the country could take to correct the situation:

1. 1. Boost exports: By increasing exports, the country can earn more foreign currency and decrease the current account deficit. The government could provide incentives for businesses to export their products or services, such as tax breaks or subsidies.
2. 2. Reduce imports: By reducing imports, the country can decrease the amount of foreign currency leaving the economy and therefore decrease the current account deficit. The government could impose tariffs on imported goods or encourage citizens to buy domestically-produced goods.
3. 3. Increase tourism: By promoting tourism, the country can increase the amount of foreign currency coming into the economy, which can help reduce the current account deficit. The government could invest in tourism infrastructure, promote the country's culture and heritage, and offer incentives to foreign tourists.
4. 4. Attract foreign investment: By attracting foreign investment, the country can increase the amount of foreign currency coming into the economy and help reduce the current account deficit. The government could offer tax breaks or other incentives to foreign investors, as well as create a favorable business environment to encourage investment.
5. 5. Reduce debt: By reducing debt, the country can decrease the amount of interest payments it has to make to foreign lenders, which can help reduce the current account deficit. The government could prioritize debt repayment and work to improve the country's credit rating to reduce interest rates.
6. 6. Seek financial assistance: In some cases, a country may need to seek financial assistance from international organizations or other countries to help reduce its current account deficit. This could involve borrowing money or negotiating favorable trade agreements to improve the country's financial situation.

Overall, these measures aim to increase the amount of foreign currency coming into the country while reducing the amount leaving, helping to bring the current account deficit under control.

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(a) The type of cooperative society formed by the staff of Kander Manufacturing Company Limited is a Credit Cooperative Society or Credit Union.

(b) Four features of a cooperative society are:

• Voluntary membership: Members of a cooperative society join on a voluntary basis, and there are no restrictions on membership based on race, religion, or social status.
• Democratic control: The cooperative society is managed by the members themselves through elected representatives, and decisions are made through a democratic process.
• Limited liability: The liability of members is limited to the amount they have invested in the cooperative society.
• Distribution of surplus: The surplus generated by the cooperative society is distributed among the members in proportion to their participation in the society.

(c) Three advantages of a cooperative society are:

• Access to funds: Members of a credit cooperative society can access funds for their personal and business needs at a lower interest rate than what commercial banks offer.
• Financial stability: Members of a cooperative society can save money and invest in the society, which in turn can provide financial stability for themselves and the society.
• Democratic control: Members have a say in the management of the society, which promotes transparency, accountability and good governance.

Two disadvantages of a cooperative society are:

• Limited resources: Since a cooperative society is a small organization, it may have limited resources to offer loans and other services to its members.
• Limited scope of services: A cooperative society may not be able to offer the same range of financial products and services as a commercial bank.

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a) Six advertising media used in business include:

1. Television
2. Radio
3. Print (newspapers, magazines)
4. Outdoor (billboards, bus stops)
5. Online (websites, social media)
6. Direct mail (postcards, brochures)

b) Personal selling is a form of promotion where a salesperson communicates directly with a potential customer to persuade them to buy a product or service. The salesperson may meet with the customer in person, over the phone, or through video conferencing.

c) Advantages of personal selling:

1. Builds relationships with customers
2. Provides opportunity for personalized communication
3. Helps customers understand the product or service
4. Facilitates the closing of sales

Disadvantages of personal selling:

1. Can be time-consuming and expensive
2. May not reach as many potential customers as mass media advertising.

Note: The advantages and disadvantages listed above are general and may vary depending on the specific situation and product being sold.

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i. To calculate the cash paid for the goods bought:

We need to first determine the total cost of the goods before any discounts. We can do this by multiplying the number of cartons by the price per carton and adding up the amounts for all four types of goods:

• Sweets: 15 x 2,000 = 30,000
• Milk: 25 x 4,000 = 100,000
• Sugar: 15 x 3,000 = 45,000
• Soap: 17 x 5,000 = 85,000

Total cost = 30,000 + 100,000 + 45,000 + 85,000 = 260,000

Next, we can calculate the cash discount by multiplying the total cost by the cash discount rate of 6%:

Cash discount = 0.06 x 260,000 = 15,600

After subtracting the cash discount from the total cost, we can calculate the trade discount by multiplying the discounted cost by the trade discount rate of 10%:

Discounted cost = 260,000 - 15,600 = 244,400

Trade discount = 0.1 x 244,400 = 24,440

Finally, we can calculate the cash paid by subtracting both discounts from the total cost:

Cash paid = 260,000 - 15,600 - 24,440 = 220,960

Therefore, the cash paid for the goods bought, if payment was made within 7 days, is N 220,960.

ii. To determine the selling price of the goods with a markup of 20%:

We need to first calculate the cost of the goods. The cost of the goods is equal to the amount paid for the goods, which is N 220,960.

To calculate the selling price, we need to add the markup to the cost of the goods. The markup is equal to 20% of the cost of the goods:

Markup = 0.2 x 220,960 = 44,192

Selling price = Cost of goods + Markup = 220,960 + 44,192 = 265,152

Therefore, the selling price of all the goods with a markup of 20% is N 265,152.

iii. To calculate the net profit made:

We need to subtract the total cost of the goods sold (i.e., the cost of the goods plus any other expenses incurred in obtaining and storing the goods) from the total revenue generated from the sale of the goods (i.e., the selling price of the goods).

Since we assumed that the cost of the goods is equal to the amount paid for the goods, which is N 220,960, and the selling price of the goods is N 265,152, we can calculate the net profit as follows:

Net profit = Selling price - Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold = Cost of goods

Net profit = Selling price - Cost of goods

Net profit = 265,152 - 220,960

Net profit = 44,192

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(a) Here are five reasons that would make a bank dishonor a customer's cheque:

1. Insufficient funds: If the customer's account does not have enough funds to cover the amount of the cheque, the bank may dishonor the cheque.
2. Account closure: If the customer's account has been closed or frozen, the bank cannot honor the cheque.
3. Irregular signature: If the signature on the cheque does not match the signature the bank has on file, the bank may dishonor the cheque.
4. Stale-dated cheque: If the cheque is presented to the bank after a certain period (usually 6 months), the bank may dishonor it.
5. Post-dated cheque: If the cheque is presented to the bank before the date written on the cheque, the bank may dishonor it.

(b) Here are five reasons why countries introduce restrictions in foreign trade:

1. Protect domestic industries: Countries may introduce trade restrictions to protect their domestic industries from foreign competition. This could include tariffs on imported goods or quotas on the amount of goods that can be imported.
2. National security: Countries may restrict trade in certain goods or services that are considered vital to national security. This could include restrictions on the export of military equipment or technology.
3. Protect consumers: Countries may introduce trade restrictions to protect their citizens from unsafe or substandard goods. This could include restrictions on the import of goods that do not meet certain safety or quality standards.
4. Retaliation: Countries may introduce trade restrictions in response to trade restrictions imposed by other countries. This could include imposing tariffs on goods from countries that have imposed tariffs on their own goods.
5. Balance of payments: Countries may introduce trade restrictions to improve their balance of payments, which is the difference between the money a country earns from exports and the money it spends on imports. By reducing imports or increasing exports, countries can improve their balance of payments and reduce their reliance on foreign currency.

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(a) Four services rendered by courier companies include:

1. Package and document delivery: Courier companies provide a reliable and efficient way to deliver packages and documents from one location to another, often with same-day or next-day delivery options.
2. Freight forwarding: Courier companies can handle the transportation and logistics of larger shipments, including arranging for pickup, storage, and delivery.
3. Customs clearance: For international shipments, courier companies can assist with the necessary customs clearance procedures to ensure that the shipment complies with all relevant regulations and documentation requirements.
4. Value-added services: Courier companies may offer additional services such as package tracking, insurance, and secure delivery options to provide added convenience and peace of mind for their customers.

(b) Three advantages of rail transport include:

1. Cost-effectiveness: Rail transport is generally less expensive than other modes of transportation, particularly for large and heavy shipments over long distances.
2. Environmentally friendly: Rail transport is more fuel-efficient and produces fewer emissions per ton of freight compared to trucks, making it a more environmentally sustainable option.
3. High capacity: Rail transport can handle large volumes of freight at once, which is particularly useful for industries such as agriculture and mining that require the transportation of large quantities of goods.

Three disadvantages of rail transport include:

1. Limited accessibility: Rail transport is limited by the availability of rail lines and may not be able to deliver goods to certain destinations, particularly in rural areas.
2. Slower delivery times: Rail transport is generally slower than other modes of transportation, particularly for shorter distances and smaller shipments.
3. Lack of flexibility: Rail transport schedules and routes are often fixed and inflexible, making it difficult to accommodate changes in delivery requirements or last-minute shipments.

In summary, rail transport offers cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and high capacity, but may be limited in accessibility, have slower delivery times, and lack flexibility compared to other modes of transportation.