JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

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The Caps key on a keyboard is used to switch between upper and lower case letters. When you press the Caps key, it changes the letter case of the letters you type from lowercase to uppercase or vice versa. This means that if you type with the Caps key on, all the letters you type will appear in uppercase. Similarly, if you type with the Caps key off, all the letters you type will appear in lowercase. This feature is particularly useful when you want to emphasize certain words or phrases, such as in titles or headings. It can also be used to make your text easier to read by adding some variety to the letter case. For example, when typing a password or other sensitive information, you may want to use a combination of upper and lower case letters to make it more secure. In summary, the Caps key is used to switch between uppercase and lowercase letters in order to make text easier to read, emphasize words, or add security to sensitive information.

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The example of an output device is a speaker. An output device is any device that receives information or data from a computer or electronic device and presents or displays it to the user in a perceivable format. In the case of a speaker, it receives sound data from a computer or electronic device and produces audible sound waves that can be heard by the user. Speakers are commonly used to play music, watch videos or movies, and listen to audio from video games. On the other hand, a keyboard and mouse are examples of input devices because they allow the user to input data or commands into a computer or electronic device. Similarly, a microphone is also an input device as it converts sound waves into electrical signals that can be processed by a computer or electronic device.

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The touchpad of a laptop serves the same function as a mouse. A touchpad is a flat surface on the laptop that you can slide your finger on to move the cursor on the screen. Just like a mouse, you can use the touchpad to select, click, and scroll. It provides an alternative to using a traditional mouse for navigation on the laptop.

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End users are able to operate at the "presentation" tier. The presentation tier is the user interface layer of a software application or system. It's the part of the system that the end user interacts with directly, and it includes all the components that allow the user to view and manipulate data. This can include things like graphical user interfaces, web pages, and other visual elements that the user can see and interact with. Because the presentation tier is designed specifically for end users, it's the layer that they are most comfortable operating in. This is where they can view data, input information, and interact with the system to achieve their desired tasks. While there may be other tiers (such as the model, application, and data tiers) that are responsible for processing and managing data behind the scenes, it's the presentation tier where the end user has the most control and where their actions have the most direct impact on the system.

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If the order of operation on two or more files is similar, then the operation will be sequential. Sequential operation means that the files will be processed one after the other in the same order as specified. For example, if we have two files A and B, and we want to perform the operations 'read', 'process', and 'write' on them in the order A->B, then the program will first read file A, process it, write the result, then move on to file B, read it, process it, and write the result. On the other hand, if the order of operation is not similar, the operation may be more complex or combinational. In that case, the files may be processed in a different order or simultaneously, which may require more complex programming logic. Therefore, having a similar order of operation on multiple files simplifies the programming and makes it more straightforward.

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The domain name of a website is also its IP address. Every device that connects to the internet, including websites, is assigned a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address, which is a numerical label. However, remembering a long string of numbers is difficult, so domain names were created to serve as more memorable and recognizable names for websites. When you type a domain name into your web browser's address bar, your browser sends a request to a Domain Name System (DNS) server, which translates the domain name into its corresponding IP address. The IP address is then used to locate the website's server on the internet and retrieve the website's content, which is then displayed in your browser. So, while the domain name is what we typically use to identify a website, it ultimately maps to its underlying IP address, which is used to connect to the website's server and retrieve its content.

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Working online requires proper etiquette or "netiquette" to maintain a positive and professional atmosphere. Here are some general guidelines to follow: 1. Be respectful: Always communicate in a respectful manner. Avoid using harsh or offensive language, and be mindful of cultural differences. 2. Be mindful of your tone: It's important to communicate in a tone that's appropriate for the situation. If you're sending an email or message, make sure the tone is professional. 3. Be punctual: Time management is key. Be punctual when it comes to meetings and deadlines. 4. Be organized: Keep your digital files organized and ensure that you're using appropriate naming conventions. This will make it easier for others to find what they need. 5. Be secure: Protect your digital assets by using strong passwords and secure file sharing methods. 6. Respect privacy: Be mindful of other people's privacy, including their personal information and confidential data. 7. Be mindful of online piracy: Do not engage in any form of online piracy, including sharing copyrighted materials without permission. Remember, the online world is just as important as the physical one. Maintaining proper netiquette can help you build a positive and professional reputation, and make you more successful in your online endeavors.

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An ATM, or Automated Teller Machine, is typically used for withdrawing cash. It is a machine that allows customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, such as withdrawing cash, checking their account balance, or depositing money, without the need to visit a bank branch. ATMs are widely available and can be found in many public places such as shopping centers, airports, and gas stations. They provide customers with convenient access to their money 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

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The device primarily used to provide hardcopy is the "printer". A printer is a device that produces a physical or hardcopy of electronic documents or images, typically on paper. It can be connected to a computer or other device through a cable or wireless connection, and it can print text, graphics, or images in black and white or color. Printers come in many different types, including inkjet, laser, and thermal, and they can be used in homes, offices, and other settings. Card readers, computer consoles, and CRTs (cathode ray tubes) are not primarily used to provide hardcopy. A card reader is a device used to read information from a magnetic stripe or chip on a plastic card, such as a credit card. A computer console is the part of a computer system that contains the keyboard, monitor, and other components used to interact with the computer. A CRT is an older type of display technology that was used in older computer monitors and televisions, but has largely been replaced by newer technologies such as LCD and LED displays.

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The type of computer network that is not among the options is DAN (Distributed Area Network). The other three options are all types of computer networks: VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a type of network that allows remote users to securely access a private network over the internet. CAN (Controller Area Network) is a type of network used in industrial and automotive applications to connect electronic devices such as sensors and controllers. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a type of network that uses wireless technology to connect devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home, office, or campus. Therefore, DAN is not a commonly used type of computer network.

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Out of the options given, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word are the two most commonly used application packages by computer users. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application that allows users to create, edit, and analyze numerical data in a structured manner. It is widely used by businesses and individuals for tasks such as financial analysis, budgeting, data management, and statistical analysis. Microsoft Word, on the other hand, is a word processing application used for creating and editing text-based documents. It is used for a wide range of purposes, such as writing reports, letters, resumes, and academic papers. While CorelDraw is a graphic design software used for creating vector graphics and Ms Access is a database management system used for storing, managing and retrieving data, they are not as commonly used as Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word in day-to-day computer usage.

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When a computer application is running, it is stored in the computer's memory, which allows it to continue functioning as long as it is needed. In the case of logging off, shutting down, or rebooting the computer, all applications currently running on the system are closed or terminated. Therefore, the running application would not remain active in any of these situations. However, in the case of a user switching, the running application can remain active. This is because when a user switches on a computer that is running, the operating system creates a new user session while keeping the current user's session active. In this scenario, the running application would continue to function within the current user's session, while the new user session would be independent and have its own set of applications and processes. Therefore, the running application would remain active when the user is switched.

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The reason "protection" does not satisfy why people create a computer virus. This is because a computer virus is not created to protect a system or its data, but rather to cause harm to it by spreading and infecting other systems. Creating a virus goes against the goal of protecting a computer system, and instead puts it at risk.

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Numerous files are referred to as "files". A file is a collection of data or information that is stored on a computer or other electronic device. Files can come in many different formats, such as documents, images, music, and videos. They are used to store information that can be easily accessed, edited, and shared. For example, a word processing document is a type of file that can be used to write and edit text, while an image file can be used to store and display photos. Files are often organized into folders, which are like virtual folders or directories that help you keep your files organized and easily accessible. You can create folders, move files between folders, and even rename or delete files and folders.

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The illegal access to a network or computer system is called hacking. Hacking refers to unauthorized access to a computer system or network with the intention of compromising its security and potentially causing harm. This can include stealing sensitive information, installing malicious software, or disrupting the normal functioning of the system. Hacking is illegal and can result in serious consequences for the hacker, such as fines and imprisonment. It is important for individuals and organizations to take steps to secure their networks and systems to prevent unauthorized access.

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Java is a high-level programming language. This means that it is designed to be easy to read and write for humans, and provides a higher level of abstraction from the hardware than lower-level languages. High-level languages like Java typically have built-in libraries and features that allow developers to write code more efficiently and focus on solving problems rather than worrying about low-level details like memory management or machine architecture. Additionally, high-level languages are typically platform-independent, which means that Java code can be compiled and run on different operating systems without needing to be rewritten.

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Running other software on an idle computer without the knowledge of the organization is called theft of computer time. This means that the person is using the resources (e.g. processing power, memory, storage) of the computer without permission, which can slow down the performance of the computer and potentially interfere with the work of others. This unauthorized use of resources can be seen as equivalent to theft, since the person is taking something (in this case, computer time) without permission.

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Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors, also known as "bugs", in a computer program. The goal of debugging is to ensure that the program runs smoothly and produces the expected results. This involves locating the source of the problem, understanding why it is happening, and then making changes to the code to correct the issue. Debugging can be a time-consuming and challenging task, but it is an important part of the software development process to ensure that the end-users have a positive experience when using the software.

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The first commuters were programmed using machine language. Machine language is the lowest-level programming language that can be used to write computer programs. It consists of binary code, which is a sequence of 1's and 0's that the computer can understand and execute directly. The first computers, such as the ENIAC, did not have high-level programming languages like we have today, such as Python or Java. Instead, they had to be programmed using machine language. This meant that the programmers had to manually enter long sequences of binary code to perform even the simplest tasks on the computer. As computers advanced, higher-level programming languages were developed to make programming easier and more accessible to non-experts. These higher-level languages are often compiled into machine language, which the computer can then execute. But in the early days of computing, programmers had no choice but to write code directly in machine language.

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The number of input combinations for a 4-input gate is 16. To understand why, you can think of each input as having two possible states, either 0 or 1. For a 4-input gate, there are 4 inputs, and each input can be in one of two states. Therefore, the total number of possible input combinations is 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16. To illustrate this further, you can create a truth table that lists all possible input combinations and their corresponding output values for the gate. The truth table will have 16 rows, with each row representing a unique combination of input values.

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The operating system controls the way in which a computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer. The operating system (OS) is a type of software that manages and controls the hardware and software resources of a computer system. It provides a common platform for different types of applications to run on the computer and enables users to interact with the computer by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command line interface (CLI). The operating system performs various tasks, such as managing the computer's memory, processing input and output requests, controlling peripheral devices, and providing a file system for storing and retrieving data. It also provides security features, such as user authentication and access control, to protect the computer system from unauthorized access. The operating system is a fundamental component of any computer system, and it enables users to interact with the computer by providing a user-friendly interface. It acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the applications, making it possible for different programs to run on the same computer and share resources such as memory, CPU time, and disk space. In summary, the operating system is the software that controls the way in which a computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer, by managing and controlling the hardware and software resources of the system and providing a platform for different types of applications to run.

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The correct answer is "Identity Theft." Identity theft occurs when someone pretends to be another person by stealing their personal information, such as their name, social security number, or credit card information, in order to commit fraud or other illegal activities. The thief may use this information to open bank accounts, make purchases, or apply for loans in the victim's name, causing financial harm and damaging the victim's credit score. It can happen both in the physical world (e.g. someone stealing your mail or wallet) and online (e.g. someone hacking into your social media or email account). It is important to take steps to protect your personal information and monitor your financial accounts to prevent identity theft.

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Microsoft Excel is primarily used to solve problems involving numbers. It is a spreadsheet program that allows you to organize, analyze and perform calculations on data. You can use Excel to create tables, charts and graphs to visually represent your data and make it easier to understand. It is commonly used for tasks such as budgeting, tracking expenses, and managing project timelines. The program also has many built-in functions that can help you perform complex calculations and analysis with ease. So, the main purpose of Microsoft Excel is to help you work with numbers and make sense of data.

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The command used to remove a stored function from the database in SQL is the "DROP FUNCTION" command.

This command is used to permanently remove a stored function from the database. For example, if you have a stored function named "my_function", you can remove it with the following SQL statement:

DROP FUNCTION my_function;

It is important to note that once you drop a stored function, all references to it in your database will be lost and it cannot be recovered. So, it should be used with caution.

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LAN stands for "Local Area Network". A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that connects devices in a relatively small area, such as a single building or a group of adjacent buildings. A LAN is used for sharing resources, such as printers, files, and internet connections, among the connected devices. Typically, a LAN is set up using Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi connections, and it may include a router, switch or hub to manage the flow of data between the connected devices. A LAN can be used in a variety of settings, including homes, schools, and businesses, where it can provide a more efficient way of sharing resources and communicating between devices. In summary, LAN stands for "Local Area Network", which is a computer network that connects devices in a small area, such as a building or group of buildings, and is used for sharing resources among the connected devices.

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Computer softwares like iOS, Ubuntu, Chrome OS are classified as operating systems, also known as system software. An operating system is a type of software that acts as the backbone of a computer, managing its resources and allowing other software to run on it. It controls the hardware, such as the CPU, memory, and storage, and provides a platform for other software to run on. This includes basic functions like managing files, running applications, and providing access to the internet. In short, the operating system is what makes a computer work and provides a foundation for other software to run on.

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The 2-input gate that can be used to pass a digital waveform unchanged at certain times and inverted at other times is the XOR (exclusive OR) gate. An XOR gate has two input signals and one output signal. The output is HIGH (1) if the two input signals are different, and LOW (0) if the two input signals are the same. In other words, an XOR gate produces an output signal that is the "exclusive or" of its two input signals. When one of the input signals is held at a constant logic level (either HIGH or LOW), the XOR gate can be used to pass the other input signal unchanged or inverted, depending on the value of the constant signal. If the constant signal is HIGH, the output signal will be inverted; if the constant signal is LOW, the output signal will be unchanged. This property of the XOR gate makes it useful in digital electronics for a variety of applications, such as data encryption, error detection and correction, and clock synchronization.

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The permanent memory that has data and instructions to start up the computer and does not erase data after power off is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). ROM is a type of computer memory that is pre-programmed with data and instructions during manufacturing. This means that once the data and instructions are written into ROM, they cannot be changed or erased, hence the name "read-only". When you turn on your computer, the CPU (central processing unit) looks to the ROM for the instructions on how to boot up the computer. These instructions include basic input/output system (BIOS) code that checks the hardware components to make sure they are working properly, and then loads the operating system from the hard drive or another storage device. The data and instructions stored in ROM are not affected by power outages or restarts, meaning that they are retained even when the computer is turned off. This is why ROM is called non-volatile memory. In summary, ROM is a type of permanent memory that contains data and instructions to start up a computer and does not lose this information when the computer is turned off.

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Dividing a number by zero is an impossible mathematical operation, which leads to a type of error called an "Arithmetic error". When a program encounters such an operation, it is unable to perform the calculation, and it generates an error message to indicate the issue. Arithmetic errors are a type of runtime error because they occur during the execution of the program, rather than during the compilation or writing of the code (syntax errors). Logical errors are different from arithmetic errors because they occur when the program's logic is flawed, leading to incorrect results. So, in summary, dividing by zero results in an arithmetic error because it is a mathematical impossibility that cannot be computed.

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Computers are commonly used in offices for a variety of tasks, but some of the major purposes include: 1. Creating and editing documents: Computers are used to create and edit documents such as letters, reports, presentations, and spreadsheets. This is because computers offer a range of software applications that allow users to create and edit documents easily and quickly. 2. Communication: Computers are used to communicate with other employees, clients, and customers through email, video conferencing, and instant messaging. 3. Data management: Computers are used to store and manage data such as customer information, financial records, and inventory lists. This is because computers offer software that allows users to organize and track data efficiently. 4. Accounting: Computers are used for accounting purposes such as bookkeeping, payroll, and invoicing. This is because computers offer specialized software that allows users to manage financial data accurately and quickly. 5. Security: Computers are also used for security purposes such as monitoring and controlling access to sensitive data and systems. This is because computers offer software and hardware tools that can be used to safeguard against unauthorized access and cyber threats. Overall, computers have become an essential tool in the modern office environment, enabling employees to work more efficiently, communicate more effectively, and manage data and information more securely.

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Computer applications are an example of software. Software refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are specific types of software that are designed to perform particular tasks or solve particular problems. Examples of computer applications include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games. Computer applications are different from computer hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. Computer utilities and program packages are different types of software that can be used to manage and maintain a computer system, but they are not the same as computer applications, which are designed for specific tasks and are often used by end-users. In summary, computer applications are a type of software, which refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are designed to perform specific tasks or solve specific problems, and examples include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games.

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The acronym for DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is DBMS, which stands for "Database Management System". A database is an organized collection of data that can be stored, accessed, and managed easily. However, managing large amounts of data can be complicated, which is where a Database Management System comes in. A DBMS is a software system that allows users to create, modify, and manipulate databases. It provides tools to organize and store data efficiently, as well as tools to retrieve and analyze that data. In summary, DBMS is an abbreviation for Database Management System, a software system used to manage and organize data efficiently.

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Large retailers use data mining to study trends. Data mining is the process of analyzing large amounts of data and identifying patterns and trends in that data to make informed decisions. This can involve looking at customer behavior, sales data, market trends, and other types of data to gain insights into what products are popular, what customers are looking for, and how the market is changing. The goal of data mining is to help retailers make informed decisions about their business and stay ahead of the competition.

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A firewall is a type of cybersecurity tool that helps protect a computer or network from unauthorized access or malicious activity from the internet. Think of a firewall as a security guard that stands at the entrance to your network, examining all incoming and outgoing traffic. It examines each packet of data to see if it meets certain criteria, such as the source and destination of the data, and the type of data being transmitted. If the packet meets the criteria, it's allowed to pass through the firewall and reach its destination. If it doesn't meet the criteria, the firewall blocks the packet, preventing it from entering your network. A firewall can help prevent attacks like hacking, malware infections, and other cyber threats that could compromise your data or network. Firewalls can also be configured to filter out certain types of traffic or limit access to certain resources, providing an additional layer of protection for your network. In summary, a firewall is a vital cybersecurity tool that acts as a barrier between your network and the internet, helping to keep your data and devices safe from cyber threats.

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"Joy stick" is not a type of computer application. A computer application, also known as an application or app, is a program that runs on a computer and provides a specific set of functions for the user to perform. Examples of computer applications include Microsoft Word for word processing, Firefox for web browsing, and VLC media player for playing audio and video files. A joy stick, on the other hand, is a device used to control movement in computer games or simulations. It typically consists of a stick that can be moved in different directions to control the movement of an object on the screen. Joy sticks are not considered applications because they do not provide specific functions like a word processor or media player, but rather serve as input devices for other applications.

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The part of a processor that contains the hardware necessary to perform all the operations required by a computer is the "Data path". The data path, also known as the "Arithmetic Logic Unit" (ALU), is a component of the processor that performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. It is responsible for carrying out the instructions of the computer program, performing calculations, and manipulating data. The controller, registers, and cache are also important components of a processor, but they do not contain the hardware necessary to perform all the operations required by a computer. The controller, also known as the "Control Unit", is responsible for directing the flow of data and instructions within the processor, as well as between the processor and other components of the computer. Registers are high-speed storage locations within the processor that store data temporarily for processing. Cache is a small amount of high-speed memory that stores frequently used data and instructions, making them quickly accessible to the processor. Therefore, out of the given options, the data path or ALU is the part of the processor that contains the hardware necessary to perform all the operations required by a computer.

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The option that does not belong to the group is "External memory". Primary memory, main memory, and internal memory are all types of memory that are directly accessible by the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of a computer. These types of memory are volatile, which means that they lose their data when the power is turned off. Primary memory is the smallest and fastest type of memory in a computer, and it includes the cache and registers. Main memory, also known as RAM (Random Access Memory), is the largest type of primary memory in a computer and holds the data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. Internal memory refers to the storage capacity that is built into a device, such as a hard drive or a solid-state drive (SSD). This type of memory is non-volatile, which means that it retains its data even when the power is turned off. External memory, on the other hand, refers to any type of storage that is external to the device, such as a USB flash drive, an external hard drive, or a cloud-based storage service. While external memory can be used to store data, it is not considered to be a type of primary or internal memory because it is not directly accessible by the CPU. Instead, data must be transferred between external memory and primary or internal memory before it can be accessed by the CPU.

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The permanent memory built into a computer is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). It is called "read-only" because, unlike RAM (Random Access Memory), which can be written to and rewritten, the information stored in ROM cannot be changed by the computer or the user. ROM is a type of memory that is built into the computer's hardware and contains the basic instructions that the computer needs to boot up and run its basic functions. These instructions are often referred to as the "firmware" of the computer, and include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) that controls the startup process, as well as other low-level software that interacts directly with the computer's hardware. CD-ROM, on the other hand, is a type of storage medium that can be used to store data or programs, but it is not built into the computer itself. CDs and DVDs can be used to store data, programs, or other types of media, but they are not considered a type of permanent memory built into the computer.