WAEC SSCE - Geography - 1988

A soil profile refers to the

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A soil profile refers to the vertical section of the soil. It shows the different layers or horizons of the soil and their characteristics, such as texture, color, structure, and organic content. The soil profile helps in understanding the soil's properties, formation, and suitability for various uses such as agriculture, construction, and engineering. It is usually represented in a diagram that shows the different horizons and their depths.

The concept of environmental balance can be taken to mean that an alteration in one of the components of the ecosystem may likely result in the

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The concept of environmental balance means that an ecosystem functions best when all its components are in a state of harmony and balance. This means that each component, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, plays a role in maintaining the health of the ecosystem. When one component is altered, it can have a ripple effect on other components, potentially leading to negative consequences. For example, if there is a decline in the population of a certain plant species, it may affect the food supply of animals that depend on it, which in turn may affect predators that depend on those animals. This could result in a cascade of changes that ultimately disrupt the balance of the ecosystem. Therefore, altering one component of an ecosystem can result in the acceleration, minimization, or even reversal of processes within the system, and it is important to maintain a state of balance in order to stabilize the processes within the system.

All the following are problems facing the cultivation of fruits in the Mediterranean region of Africa except

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The problem facing the cultivation of fruits in the Mediterranean region of Africa that is NOT listed among the options is inadequate processing methods. Fruit cultivation in the Mediterranean region of Africa faces various challenges, including long gestation periods, frost action, inadequate water, and the need for re-stocking. However, inadequate processing methods are not typically one of these challenges. Processing methods for fruits can vary depending on the type of fruit and its intended use, but these methods are usually well-established and widely used in the region. The main challenges facing fruit cultivation in the Mediterranean region of Africa typically involve natural factors such as climate, soil, and water availability.

The region has volcanic plugs, inselbergs and a crater lake, Which of the following geographical regions is being described?

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The only factor that least explains the pattern of population distribution in Nigeria is the

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The factor that least explains the pattern of population distribution in Nigeria is the occurrence of earthquakes in certain areas. This is because earthquakes are not a common occurrence in Nigeria, and even when they occur, they are usually mild and do not cause significant damage to human settlements. Therefore, earthquakes cannot have a significant impact on the distribution of population in Nigeria. On the other hand, the other factors listed have played a significant role in shaping the population distribution in Nigeria. Arab slave raiding, for instance, led to the movement of people away from certain areas. The stability of government of the old kingdoms attracted people to settle in those areas, while physical factors such as rainfall influenced where people could engage in agriculture and other economic activities. The movement of people from one place to another has also contributed to population distribution patterns in Nigeria.

All the following are important timber producing countries in Africa except

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The question is asking to identify the country that is NOT an important timber producing country in Africa. To answer this, we need to look for the country that is not known for producing timber in Africa. The four options, Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Zaire, are all countries that have significant timber production industries. However, Mauritania is not known for timber production and is primarily a desert country with little forest cover, so the correct answer is Mauritania.

During wave actions, the rush of water onshore is called

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During wave actions, the rush of water onshore is called "swash". Swash is the movement of water up the beach after a wave breaks. It is responsible for carrying sand and other debris up the beach, and is an important process in shaping the beach and creating the intertidal zone. The opposite movement of water back down the beach is called "backwash".

Which of the following is not a measure of environmental control?

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The cooling of a warm moist air current as it passes over a cold sea or land surface often causes

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Through which of the following sea routes is crude oil from Nigerian transported to Europe?

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Crude oil from Nigeria is transported to Europe through the "South-Atlantic" sea route. This route runs from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, through the Gulf of Guinea, and across the South Atlantic Ocean to the refineries in Europe. The South-Atlantic sea route is one of the major shipping routes for crude oil transportation, as Nigeria is one of the largest oil-producing countries in Africa. The oil is transported in large tankers, which are specially designed to carry liquid cargo, and they can travel long distances across the open ocean. The other sea routes listed do not connect Nigeria to Europe. The North-Atlantic route runs between North America and Europe, the Trans-Pacific route connects Asia and North America, the Far-East route connects Asia with the western Pacific and Indian Ocean, and the Trans-Indian route connects the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific.

The following rivers takes their sources from the highlands of Western Nigeria except

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Which of the following continents has the largest population?

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Asia has the largest population among the given options. As of 2021, Asia has a population of over 4.6 billion people, which is more than half of the world's total population. In comparison, Africa has a population of around 1.3 billion people, Europe has a population of around 747 million people, North America has a population of around 594 million people, and South America has a population of around 430 million people. Therefore, the correct answer is Asia.

Which of the following is not among the objectives of ECOWAS?

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The question is asking which option is not an objective of ECOWAS. ECOWAS stands for Economic Community of West African States and it is a regional intergovernmental organization that aims to promote economic integration among its member states. It was founded in 1975 and currently has 15 member states. The objectives of ECOWAS include promoting economic cooperation, eliminating trade restrictions, promoting a unified currency system, promoting cultural, social, and political ties, and promoting a unified budgetary system. Therefore, to answer the question, we need to identify the option that is not one of the objectives of ECOWAS. The option that is not among the objectives of ECOWAS is "Promotion of a unified budgetary system". Therefore, the answer to the question is "Promotion of a unified budgetary system".

The cool temperate woodland is characterized by

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The cool temperate woodland is characterized by sparse undergrowth and broad-leaved deciduous trees. This means that there is not a lot of vegetation beneath the canopy of trees, and the trees themselves are deciduous, meaning they lose their leaves in the winter. The sparse undergrowth allows for more light to reach the forest floor, which can encourage the growth of herbaceous plants and wildflowers. This type of woodland is typically found in regions with a temperate climate, characterized by moderate temperatures and precipitation throughout the year.

The rapid exhaustion of non-renewable natural resources may least be aided by one of the following which is it?

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The rapid exhaustion of non-renewable natural resources may least be aided by inadequate technology. This is because inadequate technology means that natural resources are being used inefficiently and wastefully, which can lead to their rapid depletion. On the other hand, increased urbanization, reckless exploitation, excessive demand, and natural disasters can all contribute to the rapid exhaustion of non-renewable resources. Increased urbanization can lead to increased demand for resources and the destruction of natural habitats. Reckless exploitation involves using resources without regard for their long-term availability or impact on the environment. Excessive demand means that resources are being used at a rate that exceeds their natural replenishment rate. Natural disasters can cause widespread damage and destruction to natural resources, which can take years to recover from. Therefore, to address the rapid exhaustion of non-renewable resources, it is essential to develop and implement appropriate technologies that promote their efficient and sustainable use.

The overriding portion of the thrust fold is termed

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The Red Sea has a higher degree of salinity than the Mediterranean Sea because the former

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The correct option is: "receives a smaller amount of fresh water than the latter." The salinity of a body of water is determined by the amount of salt (or other dissolved solids) that is present in the water. In general, the more salt that is present in the water, the higher the salinity will be. The Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea are both bodies of saltwater. However, the Red Sea is known to have a higher degree of salinity than the Mediterranean Sea. This is because the Red Sea receives a smaller amount of fresh water than the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar. This connection allows for a continuous flow of water into the Mediterranean Sea. The Red Sea, on the other hand, is located in a hot and arid region of the world, and it receives a much smaller amount of fresh water from rivers and streams. The lack of fresh water input into the Red Sea means that there is less dilution of the salt that is already present in the water. This results in a higher degree of salinity in the Red Sea as compared to the Mediterranean Sea.

''They are formed from the accumulation of materials derived from other rocks which have been cemented together this is a description of

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The given description is a characteristic of "mechanically formed sedimentary rocks". These rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments or fragments of other rocks that have been mechanically weathered and eroded, and then transported by water, wind, or ice to a new location. The sediments are then deposited and compacted, and often cemented together by minerals such as silica, calcium carbonate, or iron oxide, forming a solid rock. Examples of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks include sandstone, shale, and conglomerate, which are made up of grains of sand, clay, and pebbles, respectively. Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks that have been subjected to high temperatures and pressures, causing them to change in composition and texture. Plutonic rocks are igneous rocks that solidified from magma deep within the Earth's crust. Organically formed sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of organic matter such as shells or plant material. Volcanic rocks are igneous rocks that solidified from lava or magma on the Earth's surface.

The layer of earth found immediately beneath the crust is called

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Interdependence within the ecosystem can best be interpreted to mean that components of the ecosystem

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Interdependence within the ecosystem means that the different components of the ecosystem interact with one another. They depend on one another for survival, and changes in one component can have an effect on other components. For example, plants and animals depend on each other for food, shelter and pollination. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, while animals breathe in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, and release nutrients back into the soil, which are taken up by plants. This interaction between components creates a balance in the ecosystem, which helps to regulate the population of different organisms and maintain the health of the ecosystem as a whole.

Most warm ocean currents flow

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Which of the following is a volcanic plateau?

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The volcanic plateau among the given options is "Deccan". A volcanic plateau is a large, flat, and elevated landform that is formed from the accumulation of volcanic material over time. Deccan plateau is located in India and is one of the largest volcanic plateaus in the world, covering an area of over 500,000 square kilometers. The Deccan plateau was formed by a series of volcanic eruptions that occurred millions of years ago. The lava flows from these eruptions spread out over a large area, and over time, they cooled and solidified, forming a thick layer of basaltic rock. The plateau is also characterized by many volcanic features, such as cones, vents, and fissures. The other options listed are not volcanic plateaus. Kukuruku is not a known geological feature, Terra Rosa is a type of soil, Graben is a type of geological structure, and Atlas is a mountain range.

Which of the following least explains the advantages of Koppen's classification of climate over the Greek classification?

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When you observe the wind vane, the head of the arrow shows the

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When you observe the wind vane, the head of the arrow shows the direction from which the wind is blowing. The wind vane is an instrument used to measure the direction of the wind. It consists of an arrow-like object mounted on a vertical rod, which freely rotates about the rod. The arrow has a larger surface area on one end than the other, causing it to point in the direction from which the wind is coming. The head of the arrow points to the direction from which the wind is blowing while the tail of the arrow is aligned with the opposite direction, giving an indication of the wind's direction.

Which of the following statements is correct about the Sokoto plains?

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The correct statement about the Sokoto plains is that it is not an area of inland drainage. The Sokoto plains are a large expanse of low-lying flat land in northwestern Nigeria that is drained by the Sokoto River and its tributaries, including the Rima River. This means that the area is not an inland drainage area, as the water from the rivers flows outwards towards the Atlantic Ocean. The other statements are incorrect. The Sokoto plains do not lie in the middle of the country nor do they border the Rivers Benue and Niger. They are not a pear-shaped upland area, as they are actually low-lying plains. They also do not consist of the basement complex rocks, which are found in other parts of Nigeria. Finally, the Sokoto plains are not dissected by rift valleys and plateaus, as they are relatively flat and do not have major topographical features.

Which of following statements best describes the relationship between rural and urban centres?

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The correct option is: "Cities and rural areas depend on each other." Urban areas and rural areas have a symbiotic relationship where they depend on each other. Urban areas depend on the rural areas for agricultural products, raw materials, and other resources, while the rural areas depend on the urban areas for manufacturing, trade, and other economic activities. The relationship between urban and rural areas is essential for the economic, social, and cultural development of a country.

The major problem facing the rearing of lives stock in East Africa is the

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In the southern hemisphere, the autumnal equinox occurs on

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Which of the following statements is not true of the Solar system

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The statement that is not true of the Solar System is: "All the plantes rotete around the sun." The correct statement is "All the planets rotate around their own axis." This means that each planet spins or rotates around an imaginary line that runs through its center. The rotation of the planets causes day and night on the planet. On the other hand, the planets also revolve around the sun in their orbits. The sun is at the center of the solar system, and it provides energy to the system through its rays, which the planets absorb. Thus, all the options are true except the one mentioned above.

When the roof of a coastal cave collapses, it forms

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When the roof of a coastal cave collapses, it forms a geo. A geo is a narrow, steep-sided inlet, created when the roof of a cave erodes and collapses, and the sea fills the resulting hole. The collapsed roof is typically made of softer rocks, while the sides of the geo are composed of harder, more resistant rocks. The term "geo" is most commonly used in Scotland, but similar coastal features can be found in other parts of the world under different names, such as "sea cave" or "natural arch".

All of following are major sources of air pollution except

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Which of the following is the characteristic pattern of rural settlements in the eastern scarplands of Nigeria?

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Which of the following local winds are hot? l Sirocco ll. Leveene III. Mistral IV. Bora

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The local winds mentioned in the question are Sirocco, Leveene, Mistral, and Bora. Among these winds, Sirocco is a hot wind that originates from the Sahara desert and blows across the Mediterranean Sea towards Europe. Leveene, Mistral, and Bora are not hot winds, as they originate from cold regions and bring cold air with them. Leveene blows from the land towards the sea in coastal areas, Mistral blows from the Alps towards the Mediterranean Sea, and Bora blows from the east coast of the Adriatic Sea towards the west. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) l and ll only.

Which of the following combinations of factors influences atmospheric pressure? l. Latitude ll. Soil moisture III. Altitude IV. Temperature

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Which of the following countries in Africa has the greatest hydro-electric potential?

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All of the following can be made from the by -products of crude oil except

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The by-products of crude oil can be used to make a wide range of products such as plastics, synthetic rubber, detergents, and insecticides, among others. However, glass is not made from crude oil by-products. Glass is made from natural materials such as silica, which is found in sand, quartz, and other minerals. The process of making glass involves melting these materials at high temperatures, then cooling and shaping them into the desired form. Although crude oil is an important source of energy and raw materials for many industries, it is not used in the production of glass.

Depositional plains refer to all the following except

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Depositional plains refer to areas of land where sediment and debris have been deposited over time by natural processes such as erosion, wind, or water. Among the options listed, the one that does not fit this definition is structural plains. Structural plains are formed as a result of tectonic activity and are characterized by relatively flat terrain with little to no topographical relief.

(a) Describe three advantages and three limitations of water transportation

(b) Explain how the limitations identified in (a) above can be overcome 
 

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None

Write a brief account of fishing in Nigeria under the following headings:
(a) areas
(b) methods
(c) types of fish
(d) importance 
 

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None

(a) Name three broad classes into which manufacturing industries can be grouped and one important area in the world where an example of each is located

(b) Describe three main characteristics of each class of industry named in (a) above. 
 

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(a) Distinguish between
(i) Latitude and Longitude
(ii) Standard Time and Greenwich Mean Time

(b) If the Greenwich Mean Time is 10:00am, 5th July when Local Time in a place X is 4:48am, 4th July, find the longitude of place X. 
 

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 (a) On a sketch map of Africa, mark and name
(i) one forest belt
(ii) one tropical grassland belt
(iii) one major town in each belt

(b) Highlight the characteristics of any one of the vegetation belts shown on yo map

(c) Describe the importance of the vegetation belt chosen in (b) above to man 
 

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(a) Explain how each of the following has affected world population:
(i) Improved medical care
(ii) Advanced technology and industry

(b) Highlight four factors which account for the high density population in Java
 

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 (a) On an outline map of Nigeria, locate and name
(i) the four climatic belts
(ii) one important town in each belt

(b) Describe the seasonal pattern of rainfall in either southern or northern Nigeria

(c) Explain the effects of the seasonal pattern of rainfall on farming activities in the area chosen in (b) above. 
 

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Give reasons for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and Japan 
 

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Use the rainfall and temperature data below to answer the questions that follow temperature(°C) Rainfall (mm)

(a) Draw a combined rainfall and temperature graph for the station

(b) Identify the climatic type represented by the data.

(c) Give four reasons for your answer in (b) above 
 

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(a) Name any two types of urban settlements

(b) Outline the characteristic features of each type

(c) Describe any four problems facing urban centres. 
 

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(a) Identify and explain any four factors which determine the direction of flow of ocean current

(b) Using specific examples, discuss the effects of ocean currents on the climate of the adjacent coastal area. 
 

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Write explanatory notes on lumbering in Zaire under the following headings

(a) areas (b) factors (c) importance (d) problems (e) possible solutions 
 

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(a) On an outline map of Africa, show and name
(i) latitude 20°N
(ii) the prevailing winds in July
(iii) one cold oce current in the north
(iv) one warm ocean current in the south

(b) Describe the effects of prevailing winds and oce currents on the climate of any one part of Africa. 
 

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(a) Explain any four factors which limit the rate of development in the southern coastlands of Nigeria

(b) In what four ways can the development of the region be enhanced? 
 

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(a) Define the term sedimentary rock and describe any two processes of its formation

(b) Discuss any three ways in which sedimentary rocks are important to man 
 

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(a) Differentiate between permanent drought and seasonal drought, giving an example of each

(b) Highlight any two main causes and two effects of drought

(c) Suggest any two methods of minimizing the effects of drought. 
 

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(a) On an outline map of Africa, mark and name
(i) one area important for gold in Ghana
(ii) one area important f petroleum in Libya
(iii) one area important for copper in Zaire
(iv) one important town in each area

(b) Using specific examples, show how mining has contributed to economic development in West Africa

(c) In what four ways has mining posed a problem to the environment in WestAfrica? 
 

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(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a simple soil profile

(b) Describe the characteristics of any two of the zones in the soil profile drawn in (a) above. Give reasons for each characteristic 
 

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 (a) (i) On an outline map of Nigeria, show the area that is mostly affected by desert encroachment
(ii) Locate an name two important towns within the area

(b) Describe the major causes of desertification

(c) Explain two possible ways of combating this hazard. 
 

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Give an account of irrigation agriculture in the Nile Basin under the following headings

(a) need for irrigation (b) areas (c) methods (d) crops growth (e) importance 
 

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None

(a) Name one cottage industry and o manufacturing industry in any one of the zones shown on your map

(b) Account for the location of each of the industries named in (a) above.
 

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