JAMB UTME - History - 2021

Bayanin Amsa

Nigeria became a member of OPEC since 1971. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an intergovernmental organization that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries. It was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971, eleven years after the establishment of the organization. Since then, Nigeria has been an active member of OPEC, contributing to the organization's objectives of stabilizing oil prices and ensuring a regular supply of petroleum to the global market. Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in Africa, and its membership in OPEC has allowed it to collaborate with other oil-producing countries to achieve common goals.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The formation of the first 12 states in Nigeria took place in the year 1967. Before 1967, Nigeria was divided into three regions: Northern, Eastern, and Western regions. Each region was made up of several provinces, and these provinces were further divided into districts. However, in May 1967, the then military Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon, announced the creation of 12 states in Nigeria, which replaced the previous regional structure. The new states were designed to reflect Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups and promote national unity. The 12 states were: Lagos, Western State, Mid-Western State, Eastern State, Benue-Plateau State, North-Eastern State, Kwara State, Kano State, North-Western State, Cross River State, Rivers State, and South-Eastern State (later renamed to Anambra State). The creation of these states was not without controversy, as some ethnic groups felt they were not adequately represented in the new state boundaries. Nevertheless, the move was seen as an important step towards addressing Nigeria's diverse and complex sociopolitical landscape. In summary, the formation of the first 12 states in Nigeria took place in 1967, replacing the previous regional structure and reflecting Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The motives of Britain for colonizing Africa during imperialism were political and military interest, economic interest, and humanitarian and religious goals. 1. Political and military interest: Britain wanted to expand its territory and gain strategic advantages over its rivals. They established colonies to serve as military bases, which allowed them to control important shipping routes and ports. Additionally, colonizing Africa gave Britain access to resources and raw materials that were essential for its industrial growth. 2. Economic interest: Britain was interested in the vast resources of Africa such as gold, diamonds, and other valuable minerals. They exploited the natural resources of Africa, exporting them to Britain and other countries. British colonies also provided a market for British manufactured goods, which fueled Britain's economic growth. 3. Humanitarian and religious goal: There were British citizens who believed that it was their moral and religious duty to bring civilization and Christianity to the people of Africa. Some British colonizers believed that they were helping to end slavery and bring about social and economic development in Africa. However, these humanitarian and religious goals were often used to justify the exploitation and oppression of African people. Social interest is not a motive for British colonization of Africa. While some British colonizers may have believed they were bringing social benefits to Africa, such as modern technology or education, these were not the primary motives for British colonization.

Bayanin Amsa

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) was founded under the leadership of Yakubu Gowon. Yakubu Gowon was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. In May 1975, he hosted the summit of the Heads of State and Government of West African countries in Lagos, Nigeria. During the summit, the idea of creating a regional economic community was proposed, and on May 28, 1975, the Treaty of Lagos was signed, establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The main objective of ECOWAS was to promote economic integration among West African countries and to create a common market for the region. It aimed to promote cooperation in trade, investment, agriculture, and industry, as well as to improve the transport and communication infrastructure of the region. Today, ECOWAS has expanded its scope to include political and security cooperation, as well as promoting democratic governance in the region. In summary, Yakubu Gowon, the head of state of Nigeria, was the leader under whose leadership ECOWAS was founded in 1975.

Bayanin Amsa

The first sets of imperialists who attempted to colonize Ethiopia were Italy and Egypt. In the late 19th century, both countries sought to expand their colonial empires in Africa, and Ethiopia was one of the few African countries that had managed to maintain its independence. In 1895, Italy launched an invasion of Ethiopia, seeking to establish a colony there. The Ethiopian army, under the leadership of Emperor Menelik II, fought back and defeated the Italian army in the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Later, in 1935, Italy, under the rule of Benito Mussolini, launched another invasion of Ethiopia, which they succeeded in occupying for a few years before being defeated by the Allied powers during World War II. Egypt also attempted to colonize Ethiopia in the late 19th century, but their efforts were unsuccessful.

Bayanin Amsa

The political party that controlled the federal government during the second republic in Nigeria was the National Party of Nigeria (NPN). The NPN was a Nigerian political party formed in 1978 and was in power from 1979 to 1983. The party was led by President Shehu Shagari who was elected as the president of Nigeria during the 1979 elections. During the second republic, the NPN was the dominant political party in Nigeria and controlled the federal government.

Bayanin Amsa

The Buhari/Idiagbo regime refers to the military government of Muhammadu Buhari and Tunde Idiagbo, who ruled Nigeria from 1983 to 1985. During their brief tenure, they were known for their advocacy of "War Against Indiscipline" (WAI). WAI was a campaign aimed at promoting discipline, honesty, and accountability in Nigerian society. It was characterized by a number of measures, including public floggings of offenders, the imposition of fines for traffic violations, and the introduction of a dress code for civil servants. The WAI campaign was popular among many Nigerians who were frustrated with the widespread corruption and indiscipline in the country at the time. However, it was also criticized for its heavy-handed approach and human rights abuses. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: - WAI (War Against Indiscipline)

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The Abacha regime oversaw the termination of Ernest Shonekan's government. Ernest Shonekan was appointed as the interim head of state by Ibrahim Babangida, who had stepped down from power in 1993. Shonekan was appointed with the mandate to organize new elections and return Nigeria to civilian rule. However, his government was short-lived as it was overthrown by Sani Abacha's military regime in November 1993, just three months after his appointment. Abacha assumed the position of military head of state and dissolved all democratic institutions, effectively ending the transition to civilian rule. Therefore, the correct answer is Ernest Shonekan.

Bayanin Amsa

Mai Dunama Dibbalemi was considered the greatest ruler in the Kanem Borno Empire. He ruled the empire from 1221 to 1259 CE and during his reign, he expanded the empire's territory, strengthened its military, and oversaw a period of cultural and economic growth. Dunama Dibbalemi was known for his military prowess and strategic alliances, which allowed him to conquer neighboring territories and extend the empire's reach. He also established a new capital city, Njimi, which became the center of political and cultural life in the empire. Under his leadership, the Kanem Borno Empire became one of the largest and most powerful states in West Africa. In addition to his military and political accomplishments, Dunama Dibbalemi was also known for his support of learning and scholarship. He invited scholars and intellectuals from throughout the Islamic world to his court, and he sponsored the translation and study of classical texts in fields such as astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. This patronage of learning helped to make the Kanem Borno Empire a center of intellectual and cultural exchange in the region. Overall, Dunama Dibbalemi is considered the greatest ruler in the Kanem Borno Empire due to his many achievements in expanding the empire's territory, strengthening its military, and promoting learning and scholarship.

Bayanin Amsa

Out of these options, "Education" is not one of the main reasons why Europeans came to Nigeria. The other three options, Slava trade, Religion, and Commercialization, were some of the main reasons for European presence in Nigeria. Slave trade refers to the trade of African people as slaves to Europe and the Americas. Europeans came to Nigeria to capture and trade Africans as slaves. Religion refers to the spread of Christianity by European missionaries to Nigeria. They came to convert the local people to Christianity. Commercialization refers to the desire of Europeans to establish trade and commerce in Nigeria. They came to exploit the natural resources of Nigeria and trade with the local people. So, Education was not one of the main reasons for European presence in Nigeria.

Bayanin Amsa

The reason that does not fit as a reason for military intervention in Nigeria is "regular promotion of military officers." Military intervention usually occurs when there is a perceived threat to the stability of the country, such as political instability, social unrest, or economic crisis. It is not typically a result of the routine promotions of military officers.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The Berlin Conference was the formalized colonial penetration into Africa. It was a meeting of European colonial powers held in Berlin, Germany in 1884-1885. During the conference, the European nations divided up Africa among themselves, with little regard for the existing ethnic and cultural borders of the African nations. The conference marked the beginning of the "Scramble for Africa," as European powers rushed to claim as much of the continent as possible for themselves. The decisions made at the Berlin Conference had a profound and lasting impact on Africa, shaping its borders and political landscape for decades to come.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The method that was used by the Europeans to control the administration of Southern Nigeria was "Divide and Rule". This approach involved dividing the people of Southern Nigeria along ethnic and regional lines in order to weaken their unity and make it easier to control them. By exploiting existing rivalries and tensions among different groups, the Europeans were able to maintain their dominance and prevent the emergence of a united front against their colonial rule. This approach was particularly effective in Southern Nigeria, which was home to a large number of diverse ethnic groups with their own distinct cultures and traditions. By playing one group against the other, the Europeans were able to maintain control over the entire region without facing significant resistance. Overall, the "Divide and Rule" method was a key strategy used by European powers during the colonial era to maintain their control over the regions they had conquered. While it was effective in achieving their goals of dominance, it often had long-lasting negative effects on the societies and cultures of the regions affected by this approach.

Bayanin Amsa

The Ogboni cult in the Yoruba pre-colonial administration played the role of the judiciary. The Ogboni cult was a secret society made up of elders who were highly respected in Yoruba society. They were responsible for settling disputes and enforcing customary law, which governed many aspects of Yoruba life. The cult was involved in the administration of justice, settling civil and criminal cases, and had the power to enforce punishments, including the death penalty. They were highly regarded for their wisdom and impartiality, and their decisions were considered final. The Ogboni cult also had a religious function, performing rituals and sacrifices to honor the gods and ancestors.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

It is difficult to definitively say that "none" of these options is not an achievement under colonial rule, as each could be considered an achievement in certain respects. However, if we consider the impact of colonial rule on Nigeria as a whole, one could argue that the creation of political regions is not necessarily an achievement. While the creation of political regions did establish a more organized and efficient system of governance, it also perpetuated divisions between different ethnic and cultural groups within Nigeria. This ultimately contributed to conflicts and tensions that have persisted long after the end of colonial rule. On the other hand, the creation of the Nigerian Council and the issuance of proclamations were both significant achievements under colonial rule. The Nigerian Council represented a step towards self-government and greater autonomy for Nigeria, while proclamations helped to establish legal frameworks and regulations that would ultimately shape the country's political, economic, and social systems.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The Afrikaans Groot Trek, which was a migration of Boers from the Cape Colony in South Africa, took place between 1835 and 1840. This means that the correct answer is the first option: 1835/1840. During this time, the Boers were dissatisfied with British rule and felt that they were losing their independence and culture. They decided to leave the Cape Colony and head north, where they believed they could establish their own independent republics. This journey, which took several years and was marked by many hardships and conflicts with indigenous peoples, is known as the Groot Trek. Ultimately, the Boers were successful in establishing several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal). However, these republics would eventually come into conflict with the British Empire, leading to the Anglo-Boer War in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Bayanin Amsa

The Omani Empire vied with Portugal and Britain for trade. This means that Oman was in competition with both Portugal and Britain to control and benefit from the trade that took place in the region. The Portuguese and British were major naval powers in the Indian Ocean, and they were also involved in the spice trade that was important to Oman's economy. The Omani Empire competed with these two powers to maintain their control over the trade routes and to protect their own commercial interests. This competition was a significant factor in the history of Oman and the broader region, as it influenced the development of the Omani Empire and the larger geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean.

Bayanin Amsa

The Savannah region in Nigeria was characterized by large vegetation. The Savannah is a type of ecosystem characterized by grasslands and scattered trees, and it covers a significant portion of Nigeria's northern region. The vegetation in this region is typically grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees, with a relatively open canopy that allows for easy movement and visibility. Due to its large vegetation, the Savannah region is home to a variety of wildlife, including antelopes, lions, and elephants, as well as many species of birds. In addition, the vegetation provides a source of food and shelter for local communities, who practice agriculture and pastoralism in the region. However, the Savannah region also faces challenges such as soil erosion, desertification, and frequent droughts. These environmental issues have made it difficult for the local population to sustain their livelihoods and have contributed to poverty and food insecurity in the region.

Bayanin Amsa

Sierra Leone's name can be traced back to the 15th century when Portuguese explorers arrived on its shores. The name "Sierra Leone" is derived from the Portuguese phrase "Serra Leoa," which means "Lion Mountains." The name refers to the mountainous area around the capital, Freetown, which is located on a peninsula surrounded by hills. The Portuguese used the name to refer to the region's mountains, which they believed resembled a lion's profile when viewed from a distance. The name stuck and was later adopted by other European powers that colonized the region, including the British, who established a colony there in the late 18th century. So, the answer is Portuguese.

Bayanin Amsa

Indirect rule was first practiced in India before it was introduced to Nigeria. Indirect rule is a system of governance where a colonial power rules a country through traditional rulers and local institutions. It was first introduced in India by the British during their colonial rule. The British adopted this system of governance to save on the cost of administration and also to make it easier to control their colonies by using local rulers and institutions to implement their policies. The British then introduced indirect rule to Nigeria in the early 20th century, after they had gained control over the country. They used traditional rulers and local institutions to help them govern the country, rather than ruling directly from the colonial center. The system was also used in other British colonies, including Malaya (now Malaysia) and Sudan. In summary, the practice of indirect rule was first introduced in India before it was later adopted in Nigeria and other British colonies.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The Alkali is the official who presides over the Shariah Law court in the Sokoto Caliphate. The Sokoto Caliphate was a Muslim empire that existed in what is now Nigeria in the 19th century, and it was known for its strict adherence to Islamic law. The Alkali was responsible for interpreting and enforcing Islamic law in the region, and his decisions were final and binding. The position of Alkali was highly respected and regarded as one of the most important in the Sokoto Caliphate. The Alkali was appointed by the Sultan of Sokoto, who was the supreme leader of the Caliphate.

Bayanin Amsa

By issuing the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Congress was changed to the United States of America (USA). The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and it declared that the thirteen American colonies were no longer subject to British rule and were instead free, independent states. This marked a turning point in the American Revolution and established the United States as a new nation. The Continental Congress, which had previously served as a governing body for the colonies, became the governing body for the newly formed United States.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Murtala Muhammed created 19 states out of Nigeria in the year 1976. Before Murtala Muhammed created the states, Nigeria was divided into 12 states. In 1967, the military government of General Yakubu Gowon had created 12 states out of the four regions that existed at the time. These states were further subdivided into a total of 19 states in 1976 by Murtala Muhammed's administration. The creation of these additional states was part of Murtala Muhammed's plan to decentralize power and bring government closer to the people. Each of the 19 states was created with its own capital city, local government system, and administrative structure. This move was aimed at promoting national unity and reducing the tensions between different ethnic groups. The creation of more states also helped to improve the distribution of resources and development across the country. Overall, the creation of 19 states in 1976 by Murtala Muhammed's administration had a significant impact on Nigeria's political, social, and economic development.

Bayanin Amsa

Arabic is a regional language of the Omani Empire. The Omani Empire was a powerful Islamic state that controlled vast territories across the Middle East, East Africa, and South Asia from the 17th to the 19th century. Arabic is the official language of Oman and has been spoken in the region for centuries, making it a regional language of the Omani Empire. The Arabic language played a significant role in the spread of Islam and the development of Islamic civilization, which was an important aspect of the Omani Empire. Today, Arabic is still widely spoken in Oman and is an important part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity.

Bayanin Amsa

The administration that favored decolonization as self-determination of African states was the Murtala/Obasanjo regime. This administration was in power in Nigeria from 1975 to 1979. General Murtala Mohammed was the military head of state, and General Olusegun Obasanjo was his deputy. The Murtala/Obasanjo regime was known for its Pan-Africanism and commitment to the liberation of other African countries from colonial rule. The administration strongly supported the movements for independence and self-determination in southern Africa, particularly in Angola, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. The regime also took a leading role in pushing for the end of apartheid in South Africa. The Murtala/Obasanjo regime was instrumental in establishing the Frontline States, a group of southern African countries that were committed to the liberation of the region from colonial rule. The regime provided military and financial support to the liberation movements in these countries, and also hosted meetings and conferences to coordinate their efforts. In summary, the Murtala/Obasanjo regime favored decolonization as self-determination of African states, and actively worked towards the liberation of other African countries from colonial rule.

Bayanin Amsa