JAMB UTME - Geography - 2024

Mountains formed as a result of compressional forces in the earth's crust are

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The mountains formed as a result of compressional forces in the Earth's crust are known as fold mountains. Fold mountains are created when two tectonic plates collide, and the compressional forces involved cause the layers of the Earth's crust to crumple and fold.

Imagine it like pushing two pieces of paper together from opposite ends; they begin to crumple and form folds. Similarly, when large sections of the Earth's crust are subjected to immense pressures from the sides, they buckle and bend into wave-like structures called folds. These folds then rise over time to form fold mountains.

Some of the most well-known mountain ranges in the world, like the Himalayas, the Alps, and the Rockies, are examples of fold mountains.

In summary, fold mountains are formed by the compression and folding of the Earth's crust, making them a direct result of tectonic forces that push the land upwards to form mountains.

The tourist centre of Ogbunike cave is located near

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The Ogbunike Cave is a popular tourist destination located **near Onitsha in Anambra State**. This cave is part of a large system of limestone caves and is known for its historical and cultural significance to the people of the region. It's situated in the southeastern part of Nigeria and is associated with numerous legends and stories that reflect its importance to local traditions. Therefore, the correct location for Ogbunike Cave is **near Onitsha in Anambra State**.

Africa's largest timber producer is

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In terms of the largest timber producers in Africa, it is important to understand which nation has significant timber resources and an established forestry industry. Zaire, known today as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is recognized as the largest timber producer in Africa.

The Democratic Republic of Congo has extensive forest coverage, including parts of the Congo Basin, which is the second-largest rainforest in the world after the Amazon. This vast expanse of forestland provides an abundance of timber resources. The country's forestry industry has developed around this natural resource, contributing significantly to its economy.

Other countries like Ghana and Nigeria also have substantial forests and timber industries, but they do not match the scale of Zaire. Malawi, on the other hand, is less known for timber production compared to these countries.

In summary, considering its massive forest expanse and established timber industry, Zaire (the Democratic Republic of Congo) stands out as Africa's largest timber producer.

The development of hydro-electric power in Nigeria is least affected by the

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The development of hydro-electric power in Nigeria is least affected by the availability of suitable sites for dams. While suitable sites are necessary for building dams, other factors such as a regular supply of water and high mountains are more critical for hydro-electric power development.

The part of the earth's crust that is covered by oceans and seas is called

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The part of the earth's crust that is covered by oceans and seas is called the hydrosphere.

Let's break it down logically:

• The hydrosphere specifically refers to all of the water found on, under, and over the surface of the Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and even water in the atmosphere.
• It covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, making it a significant and distinctive part of the planet.
• The stratosphere and the ionosphere are layers of the Earth's atmosphere, not related to water or Earth's crust coverage.
• The biosphere refers to all regions of the Earth occupied by living organisms. While it includes oceans and seas, it is not specific to just water coverage.

Therefore, the term that correctly describes the part of the Earth's crust covered by water bodies like oceans and seas is the hydrosphere.

On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer,places in the Northern Hemisphere experience

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On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, places in the Northern Hemisphere experience a phenomenon often referred to as the **Summer Solstice**. This day marks the point when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted closest to the Sun. As a result, it receives the most direct sunlight compared to any other day of the year.

During this time, the day is significantly longer than the night. This is because the Sun travels a longer path through the sky, remaining visible for a larger portion of the 24-hour day. Therefore, areas in the Northern Hemisphere experience a **longer day and shorter night**.

This occurrence is most noticeable the further north you go, with some regions near the Arctic Circle experiencing the phenomenon known as the "Midnight Sun," where the sun is visible at midnight.

Which of the following dams in Africa provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity?

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The Akosombo Dam in Ghana provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity. The dam was built on the Volta River and provides hydro-electric power and irrigation water for agriculture.

'It is a port that specializes in receiving and redistributing goods to the neighboring countries'. Which of the following ports is described in the preceding statement?

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The port described in the statement is an entrepôt. An entrepôt is a type of port or a trading post where goods are imported, stored, and then re-exported. It acts as a key transfer point in international trade, allowing products to be redistributed to neighboring countries. This concept operates on the idea that items arrive in bulk and then are sent out again, perhaps even modified or repackaged, often without the goods being subject to customs duties. In essence, an entrepôt streamlines the movement of goods, facilitating international commerce and boosting trade networks.

When the sun is directly overhead at the tropic of Capricorn (23 %, °) on 22nd December, the Northern Hemisphere experiences it's

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On 22nd December, the sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere. This marks a significant event in both hemispheres.

In the Northern Hemisphere, this date corresponds to the **winter solstice**. Here's why:

The Earth is tilted on its axis by about 23.5 degrees. This tilt is responsible for the changing seasons. Throughout the year, different parts of the Earth receive varying amounts of sunlight depending on the planet's position in its orbit around the Sun.

During the winter solstice, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted farthest away from the Sun. As a result, it experiences the shortest day and the longest night of the year. The **winter solstice** marks the official start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

Thus, when the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn on 22nd December, the Northern Hemisphere experiences its **winter solstice**.

The solar system comprises the sun and

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The solar system is a vast and fascinating system that centers around the Sun, a star that provides light and heat to all the celestial bodies that revolve around it. Understanding what other components make up the solar system is essential for grasping how our cosmic neighborhood operates.

There are eight major planets that orbit around the Sun. These planets, in their order from the closest to the farthest from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Each of these planets varies in size, composition, and distance from the Sun, but they all follow elliptical orbits.

In addition to the eight recognized planets, there are also dwarf planets, such as Pluto. Pluto was previously considered the ninth planet until it was reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union in 2006 due to updated criteria that define what constitutes a planet.

Besides planets and dwarf planets, the solar system also contains a variety of other celestial bodies. These include moons, which are natural satellites that orbit planets; asteroids, which are small rocky bodies primarily located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter; and comets, which are icy bodies that have eccentric orbits bringing them close to the Sun occasionally.

In summary, the solar system comprises the Sun and eight planets, alongside other celestial bodies such as dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. Understanding the composition of the solar system helps us appreciate the complexity and grandeur of our cosmic environment.

A large expanse of low, level land, formed due to an uplift of part of the sea floor bordering a continent is called

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A **coastal plain** is a **large expanse of low, level land** that is formed due to an **uplift of part of the sea floor bordering a continent**. Essentially, it is an area where the land is relatively flat and is located near the coast.

This type of landform often occurs due to geological activities over time where the sea floor is pushed upwards, resulting in a broad, flat land surface extending inland from the coast. Coastal plains are typically characterized by their flat terrain and proximity to the ocean, making them influenced by marine conditions.

In summary, **a coastal plain is the result of the elevation of a portion of the sea floor adjacent to the continent**. It is characterized by its flatness and location near the sea, distinguishing it from other types of plains such as deltaic, outwash, or flood plains which have different formation processes and characteristics.

All the following are problems of mining in Africa except

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Mining in Africa faces several challenges, but understanding these issues helps in realizing the unique dynamics of the industry on the continent.

Inadequate Unskilled Labour: This is generally not a problem in Africa. The continent has a large population that provides sufficient unskilled labor for mining activities. Thus, an abundance of unskilled labor makes this factor not a significant issue for mining operations.

Use of Obsolete Technology: Many mining operations in Africa struggle with outdated or insufficient technology. This affects the efficiency and safety of mining activities, making it a significant challenge for the industry.

Shortage of Power: Power shortages are common in many African countries and can severely impact mining operations, which require consistent and significant energy for their activities. This is a critical challenge in mining across the continent.

Inadequate Foreign Capital: Many African nations experience difficulty in attracting sufficient foreign capital to invest in modernizing and expanding their mining sectors. This capital is crucial for technology upgrades and infrastructural development in the industry.

In summary, inadequate unskilled labour is not typically a problem for mining in Africa, whereas the other issues listed are significant challenges impacting the industry.

The Gezira scheme and the Manaquil Extension are famous for the cultivation of

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The **Gezira Scheme** and the **Manaquil Extension** are famous for the cultivation of **cotton**. These agricultural projects are located in **Sudan** and are among the largest irrigation projects in the world dedicated to agriculture.

The Gezira Scheme utilizes the waters of the **Blue Nile** to irrigate the land, making it suitable for growing cash crops. The scheme's infrastructure, including an extensive network of canals and ditches, supports the broad-scale cultivation of cotton. Similarly, the Manaquil Extension enhanced the irrigation reach, further bolstering cotton agriculture.

**Cotton** is highly suitable for growth in the hot climate of Sudan, especially under irrigation, as it requires a long growing season with plenty of sunshine and water. This makes it an ideal crop for the region, contributing significantly to Sudan's economy through both local use and export. Additionally, cotton plays a crucial role in the livelihood of many farmers in the region, being a major source of income.

Cultivating cotton in **Gezira** and **Manaquil** not only supports the textile industry but also generates employment for thousands of people engaged in farming, processing, and trade.

The ocean that connects Europe and America is the

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The ocean that connects Europe and America is the Atlantic Ocean.

Here's a simple explanation: The Atlantic Ocean is a massive body of water that lies between the continents of Europe and Africa to the east and the Americas to the west. This ocean is one of the world's five major oceans and is the second largest after the Pacific Ocean. Historically, the Atlantic Ocean has been significantly important as a route for ships traveling between Europe and the Americas, playing a crucial role in exploration, commerce, and cultural exchanges.

Which of the following countries is located within the Horn of Africa?

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The **Horn of Africa** is a prominent peninsula in East Africa that juts into the Arabian Sea. It consists primarily of four countries: **Ethiopia**, **Eritrea**, **Somalia**, and **Djibouti**. From the options provided, only **Djibouti** is located within the Horn of Africa. This makes Djibouti geographically significant in terms of its positioning in this specific region.

For further understanding, here is a brief description of the other countries mentioned:

• Kenya: Although located in East Africa, it is situated below Ethiopia and does not form part of the Horn of Africa.
• Chad: This country is located in Central Africa and is far away from the Horn of Africa.
• Swaziland (now called Eswatini): This is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, nowhere near the Horn of Africa.

The major problem facing the utilization of human resources in West Africa is

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One of the major problems impacting the effective utilization of human resources in West Africa is unemployment.

Unemployment is a significant issue because it leads to several challenges that adversely affect both individuals and the economy at large. When people, especially those who are capable and willing to work, do not have jobs, it results in a waste of potential human resources. Let's break down a few reasons why unemployment is such a pressing problem:

• Economic Impact: High unemployment rates mean that a large portion of the population is not contributing to the economic growth of the country. This diminishes the overall productivity and can lead to a lower Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• Poverty: Unemployment often results in income instability, which can push individuals and families into poverty. This lack of income makes it challenging to meet basic needs such as food, education, and healthcare.
• Social Challenges: High levels of unemployment can lead to increased crime rates and social unrest, as people without jobs may resort to illegal activities to support themselves.
• Brain Drain: Persistently high unemployment can lead to emigration, where skilled individuals move to other countries in search of better opportunities. This exacerbates the issue as it creates a loss of talented individuals who could have contributed to local development.
• Skill Deterioration: When people remain unemployed for extended periods, their professional skills may deteriorate, making it even harder for them to find employment in the future.

Addressing unemployment requires collaborative efforts involving government policies, education systems, and private sector initiatives to create more job opportunities and develop skills that match the demands of the labor market. Therefore, unemployment remains a critical concern in achieving optimal utilization of human resources in West Africa.

All the following are causes of mechanical weathering except

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Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition. There are several causes of mechanical weathering, but not all processes that affect rocks are related to mechanical weathering.

The options listed include:

Temperature changes: This is a cause of mechanical weathering. When rocks are exposed to fluctuating temperatures, they expand when it's hot and contract when it's cold. Over time, these repeated expansions and contractions can cause the rocks to crack and break apart.

Frost action: Also known as freeze-thaw weathering, this is another form of mechanical weathering. Water can seep into cracks in the rocks, and as temperatures drop, the water freezes and expands. This expansion exerts pressure on the rock, gradually breaking it apart.

Alternate wetting and drying: This causes mechanical weathering by changing the volume of clay minerals found in some rocks. When these rocks get wet, the clay swells, and when dry, it contracts. This constant expansion and contraction lead to mechanical breakdown.

Rain action: This is not primarily a cause of mechanical weathering. While rain can contribute to weathering processes, such as chemical weathering where it reacts with minerals in rocks to form new compounds, its primary role in mechanical weathering is minimal compared to other factors.

Therefore, among the options provided, rain action is the one that is not a direct cause of mechanical weathering.

A major problem in agricultural development in Nigeria is

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One of the major problems in agricultural development in Nigeria is the insufficient storage facilities.

The agricultural sector in Nigeria often faces difficulties after crops are harvested. Poor storage facilities mean that a substantial portion of the agricultural produce is lost due to spoilage, pests, or damage. This is a significant challenge because:

• **Loss of Produce:** Without adequate storage, farmers cannot preserve excess produce for future use, which leads to food waste and instability in food supply.
• **Reduced Income:** When farmers are unable to store their produce, they may have to sell it quickly and often at lower prices, immediately after harvest. This reduces their potential earnings.
• **Market Imbalance:** Lack of storage facilities can lead to an overflow of produce in the market right after harvest and a shortage during off-season periods, causing fluctuating prices.
• **Quality Degradation:** Poor storage facilities can lead to the degradation of the quality of produce, which in turn affects marketability and consumer trust.

Improving storage facilities would provide farmers with the ability to manage their production better, ensuring a more consistent supply of agricultural products and contributing significantly to the development of agriculture in Nigeria.

Which of the following settlement type is the largest?

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In the context of settlement types and their sizes, the largest is a megalopolis.

Let me explain this in simple terms:

• **City:** A city is a large and permanent settlement with a significant population and infrastructure. It is larger than a town but smaller than the other types of settlements listed here.
• Agglomeration: This term generally refers to an area where multiple cities or towns are grouped together, sharing infrastructure and services but still remaining as distinct entities. It is more about the process of these settlements growing together.
• Conurbation: A conurbation is a region that consists of a number of cities or towns which have merged together over time through population growth and expansion. They are physically connected but maintain individual identities.


• Megalopolis: A megalopolis is a massive urban region made up of multiple large cities and their surrounding areas, which have expanded to merge into one continuous urban area. It's much larger than a conurbation. One classic example is the Northeastern megalopolis in the USA, which includes cities like Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.

In summary, of all the settlement types listed, a megalopolis is the largest as it comprises multiple, even significant urban areas that have expanded to form a vast, continuous area.

Which of the following is not a type of mountain?

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There is no such thing as a "mountain of accumulation". The other options - conical mountain, block mountain, and fold mountain - are all types of mountains.

Which of the following climatic types is found on the western margins of continents between altitude 300 and 400 North and South of the Equator?

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The climatic type found on the western margins of continents between latitudes 30° and 40° North and South of the Equator is the Mediterranean climate.

The Mediterranean climate is characterized by its unique seasonal weather pattern:

• Hot, dry summers: During the summer months, these regions usually experience clear skies, ample sunshine, and little to no rainfall. The temperatures are generally high due to the influence of the subtropical high-pressure systems.
• Mild, wet winters: In the winter months, these areas receive moderate rainfall, often brought by westerly winds and cyclonic storms, while temperatures remain relatively mild and comfortable.

This type of climate is well-known for supporting specific kinds of ecosystems and is suitable for growing certain crops, such as olives, grapes, and wheat. Typical regions with a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, parts of California in the United States, central Chile, the southern tip of South Africa, and southwestern Australia.

The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the centre of the Earth east or west of the Greenwich Meridian is known as

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The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the centre of the Earth east or west of the Greenwich Meridian is known as longitude.

Let's break this down to make it simple:

Longitude lines are imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole. The most important line is the Greenwich Meridian, also called the Prime Meridian, which is the reference point for measuring longitude. It is designated as zero degrees (0°) longitude. When you measure how far east or west a point is from the Prime Meridian, you are measuring the longitude.

This is different from latitude, which measures the distance north or south of the Equator. Longitude lines meet at the poles, whereas latitude lines are parallel to each other.

Overall, longitude helps us determine the precise location of a place on Earth by specifying how far east or west it is from the Prime Meridian.

If the local time at a place X is 12.00 noon when the G.M.T is 5.00a.m then X is located on longitude

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To determine the longitude of place X, we need to understand the relationship between time and longitude. The Earth is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, and it completes one full rotation (360 degrees) in 24 hours. Therefore, for every hour, the Earth rotates 15 degrees of longitude.

The given information is this:

• Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is 5:00 a.m.
• Local time at place X is 12:00 noon.

The difference in time between GMT and the local time at place X is 7 hours (from 5:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon).

Calculation:

• For each hour, there is a 15-degree difference in longitude.
• Therefore, a 7-hour difference corresponds to 7 hours × 15 degrees/hour = 105 degrees.

Now, we need to determine whether place X is east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude, the reference line for GMT).

- Since the local time at place X is ahead of GMT (12:00 noon compared to 5:00 a.m.), it means X is east of the Prime Meridian.

Thus, place X is located on 105°E.

The longest river in Africa is River

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The longest river in Africa is the Nile River. The Nile River is renowned for its extraordinary length, stretching approximately 6,650 kilometers (about 4,130 miles). This majestic river traverses several countries in northeastern Africa, including Uganda, Sudan, and primarily Egypt. Its extensive reach makes it the longest river not only in Africa but also in the world, although there is some debate with the Amazon River.

The Nile plays a crucial role in the cultures and economies of the nations it flows through. In ancient Egypt, for instance, it was vital for agriculture, enabling civilizations to thrive by providing a reliable source of water and fertile land for farming. Today, the Nile continues to be a lifeline for millions of people, supporting agriculture, transport, and providing drinking water.

In contrast, the other rivers mentioned, such as the Zambezi, Senegal, and Congo, though significant in their own right, are shorter and do not match the extraordinary length of the Nile River.

The world's busiest shipping routes are on the

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The world's busiest shipping routes are found on the Atlantic Ocean. This ocean plays a crucial role in global trade and transportation due to several factors:

• Location: The Atlantic Ocean is strategically located between the continents of North America, Europe, and Africa. This positioning makes it an important corridor for trade between the densely populated and economically developed regions, including the United States, Canada, Western Europe, and parts of Africa.
• Economic Activity: Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean, such as the United States, European countries, and Brazil, are some of the world's largest economies. As such, there is a high volume of goods being exchanged across the Atlantic Ocean, contributing to its status as a busy shipping route.
• Major Ports: The Atlantic Ocean hosts several significant ports like Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, New York, and Shanghai, to name a few. These ports serve as major hubs for commerce, where goods are received, processed, and shipped globally, adding to the traffic on this ocean.
• Historical Significance: Historically, the Atlantic Ocean has been a primary route for exploration and trade since the Age of Discovery. This long-standing use has established robust shipping routes that continue to be essential for international trade.

While other oceans like the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also important for global trade, the Atlantic Ocean remains particularly significant due to its connectivity and the economic powerhouses it links. The Antarctic Circle is not a major route due to its harsh environmental conditions and minimal human inhabitation, which reduces commercial sea traffic in that region.

The process of head ward erosion will lead to the formation of

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Let's understand the term **headward erosion**. **Headward erosion** refers to the process where a river or stream erodes its source region, causing the stream's origin to move backward away from the direction of water flow. This process can have several impacts and can lead to the formation of certain landforms.

Among the options provided, **headward erosion** is most commonly associated with the formation of **river capture**. When **headward erosion** continues over time, it can cause one river to extend its course and intersect with a neighboring river, capturing its flow. This event is known as **river capture** or **stream piracy**. Essentially, the rapid erosion at the river's source enables it to cut through the drainage divide and capture the headwaters of another river.

Let's briefly see why the other options are less relevant to **headward erosion**:

• **Potholes** are typically formed on the riverbed as a result of mechanical weathering and the swirling movement of water and debris, rather than headward erosion.
• **Oxbow lakes** form when a meander from a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water, which is more a result of lateral erosion rather than headward erosion.
• **Alluvial cones** or **alluvial fans** form where a river or stream spreads out sediment as it exits a mountainous area onto a flatter plain. This is not directly caused by **headward erosion**, but rather sediment deposition.

Therefore, the process of **headward erosion** most directly leads to the formation of **river capture**.

A conurbation can best be described as

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A conurbation is a term used to describe a group of cities, towns, or urban areas that have merged together to form a single urban entity, while still retaining their individual identities.

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To determine which option is not a proof of the Earth's spherical shape, let's examine each one:

Twilight and Dawn: Twilight and dawn occur when the Earth rotates, and the sun is below the horizon. The gradual increase or decrease in light during these times is due to the atmosphere bending or scattering sunlight. While this phenomenon is observed worldwide, it by itself doesn't directly indicate a spherical Earth. Instead, it emphasizes the Earth's rotation, which is consistent with a spherical shape.

Lunar Eclipse: During a lunar eclipse, when the Earth is directly between the sun and the moon, the Earth casts a shadow on the moon. This shadow is observed as a circular shape, which provides direct evidence that the Earth is spherical.

Aerial Photograph: Aerial photographs, when taken from a sufficient altitude, can show the curvature of the Earth. Photographs taken from high altitudes give visual evidence of the Earth's curved surface, supporting the spherical shape.

Sunrise and Sunset: The occurrence of sunrise and sunset happens due to the Earth's rotation on its axis. As the Earth rotates, different parts of the world experience sunlight and darkness. This rotation is consistent with the global experience of a spherical planet.

Conclusion: While all the listed phenomena have some connection to the Earth's rotation and shape, **twilight and dawn** do not directly serve as a proof of the Earth's spherical shape. They are more indicative of the rotational aspect and atmospheric effects rather than the shape itself.

Which of the following is not a sea route?

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The route that is not a sea route is the one involving London, Moscow, and Baghdad.

Here's the explanation:

• The other listed routes such as New York-London-Rotterdam, London-Capetown-Melbourne, and Sydney-Suez-London primarily involve locations that are major port cities or are connected by significant sea passages, allowing ships to travel via water routes.
• On the other hand, Moscow is a landlocked city in Russia, and although it has some rivers, it does not have direct access to the sea. Moreover, the path from London to Moscow to Baghdad mostly travels overland, across Europe and parts of Asia, which are areas not typically traversed by ships in any well-known sea route.

This is why the route from London, Moscow, and Baghdad is not a sea route.

A line joining places having an equal degree of cloudiness is an

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A line joining places having an equal degree of cloudiness is called an isoneph.

To understand this better, let's break down some related terms:

• Isotherm: These are lines on a map that connect points having the same temperature at a given time or on average over a given period.
• Isohyet: These are lines that connect areas receiving equal amounts of precipitation, such as rainfall.
• Isoneph: These are lines that link points experiencing the same degree of cloud cover or cloudiness.
• Isobar: These are lines on a weather map that connect points of equal atmospheric pressure.

So, when we are specifically talking about cloudiness, the correct term and line is an isoneph. This is useful in meteorology for visualizing and analyzing patterns of cloud coverage across different regions.

In which part of the atmosphere does rain clouds develop?

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Rain clouds most commonly develop in the troposphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere and extends from the Earth's surface up to about 8 to 15 kilometers (5 to 9 miles) above sea level, depending on your location.

This layer is where we experience weather, including rain, thunderstorms, and clouds. The reason for this is that the troposphere contains most of the atmosphere's water vapor, which is essential for cloud formation and precipitation.

In this layer, the air becomes cooler as you go higher, which allows the moist air to rise, cool, and condense to form clouds. When these clouds get heavy enough with condensed water droplets, they release the water in the form of rain.

The layers above the troposphere, such as the stratosphere, do not usually have the right conditions for rain cloud formation because they lack sufficient moisture and their temperatures are not typically conducive to the processes needed for cloud formation.

The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is

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The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is solar energy.

Let me explain why:

Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun. It is critical for life on Earth as it powers the process of photosynthesis, which is used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil, and with the help of sunlight, they produce glucose and oxygen. This process provides the necessary energy and organic material to support life.

Here is why it is important:

• Primary Producers: Solar energy fuels the primary producers (mainly plants) that form the base of the food chain. They use sunlight to create food that herbivores eat, and these herbivores are then consumed by carnivores. Without the energy provided by the sun, this foundational level of the food web would not exist, and all life forms that depend on plants, either directly or indirectly, would not survive.
• Energy Transfer: The energy captured by plants is transferred through various trophic levels as different organisms consume one another. Each level receives energy that originated from the sun, making solar energy the primary driving force of energy flow in ecosystems.
• Climate Regulation: Sunlight helps regulate Earth's climate and atmospheric conditions, influencing temperature and weather patterns. These conditions are necessary for the survival of various ecosystems and their inhabitants.

In comparison, other energy sources like geothermal energy, nuclear power, and hydroelectric power play relatively minor roles in terrestrial ecosystems. These energies are not as directly involved in powering the basic life-sustaining processes as solar energy is. Therefore, it is clear that solar energy is the predominant power source for life on land.

Which of the following best explains why wind action is more predominant in Arid regions than in Humid regions?

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Wind action is more predominant in arid regions due to the combination of loose surface materials and the absence of vegetation cover. In these regions, there is little moisture to bind soil particles together, making them easily detachable and transportable by wind. Without vegetation to stabilize the soil and buffer wind, these loose particles are swept away, leading to significant wind erosion.

Other reasons, such as insufficient drainage or strong winds, also play a role; however, the **primary** factors are the loose surface materials and lack of vegetation, allowing wind to act with greater intensity. In contrast, humid regions have ample vegetation and soil moisture, which significantly reduce the wind's ability to erode and transport surface material.

Which of the following is a fossil fuel?

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The term fossil fuel refers to energy sources that come from the remains of ancient plants and animals, buried and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. These fuels are primarily composed of carbon and include materials like coal, oil, and natural gas.

Among the options given:

• Gneiss is a type of metamorphic rock formed from other rocks like granite or sedimentary rock through heat and pressure. It is not a fossil fuel.
• Granite is an igneous rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface. It is not a fossil fuel.
• Lignite is a type of coal, which is a fossil fuel. It is often referred to as brown coal and is used primarily as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.
• Mica is a group of minerals that can split into thin, tough sheets. It is not a fossil fuel.

Therefore, the correct answer is Lignite because it belongs to the category of fossil fuels. Lignite is formed from the remains of plants that lived millions of years ago, which makes it a source of stored energy that can be burned for heat and power.

All the following are members of the ECOWAS except

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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional political and economic union of countries located in West Africa. Its objective is to promote economic integration across the region. The official member states of ECOWAS include countries in West Africa.

Among the options provided:

• Cote d'Ivoire is a member of ECOWAS. It is located in West Africa and actively participates in the community’s activities.
• Burkina Faso is also a member of ECOWAS. Like Cote d'Ivoire, it is found in West Africa and is part of the union.
• Senegal is another member state of ECOWAS, contributing to the regional integration efforts.

Cameroun, however, is not a member of ECOWAS. While it is geographically close to West Africa, it is primarily considered part of Central Africa, and it is a member of the Central African community organization instead.

A conurbation is a settlement

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A conurbation is a large urban area where several towns or cities have grown and merged together over a significant geographical area. This results in a continuous urban environment that functions as a single economic, social, and administrative unit. It is characterized by not only the physical merging but also the economic and social integration of these urban areas. Importantly, while these towns join together, they often retain their individual identities to some extent, but collectively they function as a larger urban zone.

Hence, the most accurate explanation is that a conurbation is a settlement where a large number of towns join together over a considerable area. This results in significant density and sometimes shared infrastructure and services. It is not merely about the number of people, nor does it focus primarily on an agricultural economy (such as predominantly farmers). Likewise, even though two or more towns combine, the emphasis is on the large-scale joining and integration process across numerous towns, rather than solely retaining distinct identities.

Which of the following is not an element of climate?

Bayanin Amsa

To determine which of the listed items is not an element of climate, we need to understand what elements constitute climate. **Climate** refers to the average weather conditions of a place over a long period, typically 30 years or more. The primary elements that define climate include **temperature**, **precipitation**, **humidity**, **wind**, and **air pressure**. Let's go through the choices given:

Precipitation: This is an important element of climate as it refers to any form of moisture that falls from the atmosphere to the earth's surface, such as rain, snow, or sleet.

Air pressure: This is a crucial element of climate because it influences wind patterns and weather systems such as cyclones and anticyclones.

Altitude: This is not an element of climate; rather, it is a geographic factor that influences climate. As you go higher in altitude, temperatures typically decrease, which can affect the climate of a region, but altitude itself is not a climatic element.

Temperature: This is a fundamental element of climate, affecting the average warmth or coldness of a place over time.

Therefore, **altitude** is not an element of climate, but a factor that can influence the other elements like **temperature** and **precipitation**.

Rocks which have been formed by the cooling and solidification of molten magma are called

Bayanin Amsa

Rocks that are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma are called igneous rocks.

To put it simply, when rocks melt deep beneath the Earth's surface because of the high temperatures, they turn into a liquid called magma. This magma can sometimes rise to the surface in the form of lava. Once either the magma or lava cools down and becomes solid, it forms a new type of rock known as igneous rock.

These rocks can be formed inside the Earth when the magma cools slowly, creating large crystals, or on the Earth's surface, when the lava cools quickly, often resulting in smaller crystals. The word "igneous" comes from a Latin word meaning "fire," which appropriately describes how these rocks form from the hot, molten magma.

Which of the following lines of latitudes divides the earth into two hemispheres

Bayanin Amsa

The line of latitude that divides the Earth into two hemispheres is the Equator. The Equator is an imaginary line that is drawn around the middle of the Earth. It is equidistant from the North and South Poles, and it is located at 0 degrees latitude.

Because it sits exactly halfway between the poles, the Equator splits the Earth into two equal parts: the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The land and water areas located to the north of the Equator make up the Northern Hemisphere, while those located to the south comprise the Southern Hemisphere.

The importance of the Equator is not just in the division of hemispheres; it also plays a crucial role in climate. Regions located near the Equator typically experience a tropical climate with minimal temperature variations year-round.

In contrast, lines like the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn are found north and south of the Equator, respectively, and they define the limits of the tropical zone. The Antarctic Circle is situated further south and marks a different climatic boundary.

One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that

Bayanin Amsa

One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that urban settlements are areas of secondary and tertiary activities.

Let's break this down:

• Urban Settlements: These are typically characterized by higher population density and more developed infrastructure. The economic activities here are primarily focused on secondary activities, such as manufacturing and industry, and tertiary activities, such as services like banking, education, healthcare, and retail. These activities are associated with more advanced stages of economic development and are common in cities and larger towns.


• Rural Settlements: On the other hand, rural areas are often associated with primary activities, such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining. These activities involve direct extraction or harvesting of natural resources and are more common in less densely populated areas like villages or countryside.

To summarize, the primary distinction is that urban settlements focus on secondary and tertiary activities, providing goods and services, ultimately making them different in function and character from rural settlements, which focus more on primary activities.