JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

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The delete permission allows someone to remove or delete files and directories. This means that if a user has the delete permission, they can get rid of files and folders that they have access to, and these files and folders will no longer be available on the system. This permission is typically used to allow users to clean up or manage their own files and directories, but it can also be used by system administrators to control access and prevent unwanted modifications or deletions.

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The shortcut key to "undo" the last action on a Microsoft Word page is "Ctrl + Z". When you perform an action on a Word page, such as typing, deleting, formatting or copying text, you can undo that action by using the "Ctrl + Z" keyboard shortcut. This will revert the page to the state it was in before the action was performed. For example, if you accidentally delete a sentence, you can press "Ctrl + Z" to undo the deletion and restore the sentence. The "Ctrl + Z" shortcut is a very useful and commonly used feature in Microsoft Word as it allows you to quickly correct mistakes without having to manually undo each action. It can be used multiple times to undo several actions in a row. If you want to redo an action that was previously undone, you can use the "Ctrl + Y" keyboard shortcut. In summary, the "Ctrl + Z" keyboard shortcut is used to undo the last action performed on a Microsoft Word page, allowing you to easily correct mistakes and restore the previous state of the page.

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When a computer application is running, it is stored in the computer's memory, which allows it to continue functioning as long as it is needed. In the case of logging off, shutting down, or rebooting the computer, all applications currently running on the system are closed or terminated. Therefore, the running application would not remain active in any of these situations. However, in the case of a user switching, the running application can remain active. This is because when a user switches on a computer that is running, the operating system creates a new user session while keeping the current user's session active. In this scenario, the running application would continue to function within the current user's session, while the new user session would be independent and have its own set of applications and processes. Therefore, the running application would remain active when the user is switched.

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An analog computer is a type of computer that processes continuously varying data. This means that it is designed to work with data that changes smoothly and continuously over time, rather than data that is discrete or intermittently changing. For example, an analog computer could be used to solve complex mathematical equations or simulate physical systems that involve continuous variables, such as temperature, pressure, or velocity. These types of systems can be difficult to model using digital computers, which work with discrete values that are represented by binary digits (bits). Analog computers use physical components, such as resistors, capacitors, and amplifiers, to process the input data. These components are connected in circuits that can perform mathematical operations, such as addition, multiplication, and integration. The output of an analog computer is also a continuous signal that can be measured and displayed using analog devices, such as oscilloscopes and chart recorders. Overall, analog computers are useful for solving problems that involve continuous data and require high-speed processing. However, they are less versatile than digital computers and can be more difficult to program and maintain.

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Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors, also known as "bugs", in a computer program. The goal of debugging is to ensure that the program runs smoothly and produces the expected results. This involves locating the source of the problem, understanding why it is happening, and then making changes to the code to correct the issue. Debugging can be a time-consuming and challenging task, but it is an important part of the software development process to ensure that the end-users have a positive experience when using the software.

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The option that is not a type of logic gate is "DOR" because it is not a commonly used logic gate in digital electronics. Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits, and they perform basic logical operations on input signals to generate output signals. The three most commonly used types of logic gates are XOR, OR, and AND. XOR (exclusive OR) gate generates a high output only when the inputs are different, and a low output when they are the same. It is commonly used in digital communication systems and encryption algorithms. OR gate generates a high output if any of its inputs are high, and a low output if all of its inputs are low. It is used to combine multiple input signals in digital circuits. AND gate generates a high output only when all of its inputs are high, and a low output if any of its inputs are low. It is used to implement logical conjunction (AND) in digital circuits. In summary, DOR is not a type of logic gate because it is not commonly used in digital electronics. The commonly used types of logic gates are XOR, OR, and AND.

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The type of network that can span several buildings but is usually less than 30 square miles big is called a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network). A MAN is a network that covers a larger geographical area than a LAN (Local Area Network) but is smaller than a WAN (Wide Area Network). It typically spans across a city or a town, connecting various LANs within its area. MANs are designed to provide high-speed connectivity between different locations within a metropolitan area, allowing users to share resources and information. They can be owned and managed by a single organization or shared by multiple organizations, such as service providers or government agencies. Some examples of MAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and Ethernet.

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A logic circuit performs "processing and controlling" functions. A logic circuit is an electronic circuit that performs a specific logical operation, which is based on the principles of Boolean algebra. It takes one or more digital inputs and produces a digital output based on a set of rules, known as a truth table. The primary function of a logic circuit is to process and control the input signals to produce a desired output signal. In other words, it performs logical operations on the input signals to generate the desired output signal. This makes it a processing and controlling device. For example, a logic circuit can be used to perform a simple logic function, such as a logical AND operation, which takes two input signals and produces an output signal that is true only when both input signals are true. This output signal can then be used to control the behavior of another device or system. In summary, logic circuits are used in a wide variety of electronic devices, such as computers, calculators, and mobile phones, to process and control digital signals, which makes them an essential component of digital technology.

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An Operating System (OS) is a type of system software. It is a program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer, and provides a platform for other software applications to run on. The OS controls the input/output operations, manages memory and storage resources, and schedules tasks to be executed by the computer's processor. Examples of common operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.

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The full form of UDP is User Datagram Protocol. It is a communication protocol used for sending and receiving data over the internet. UDP is a lightweight, connectionless protocol that operates at the Transport layer of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. Unlike TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which guarantees delivery of data, UDP does not provide any guarantees regarding delivery or sequencing of packets. Instead, UDP is often used for applications that require faster data transfer, such as video streaming or online gaming, where small amounts of lost data are acceptable. The "User Datagram" part of the name refers to the fact that UDP sends data in the form of datagrams, which are discrete chunks of data that are sent as individual packets. The "Protocol" part of the name indicates that UDP is a set of rules and procedures that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network. In summary, UDP is a fast and lightweight protocol used for sending data over the internet. Its name reflects the fact that it operates using datagrams and is a protocol for communication.

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The permanent memory built into a computer is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). It is called "read-only" because, unlike RAM (Random Access Memory), which can be written to and rewritten, the information stored in ROM cannot be changed by the computer or the user. ROM is a type of memory that is built into the computer's hardware and contains the basic instructions that the computer needs to boot up and run its basic functions. These instructions are often referred to as the "firmware" of the computer, and include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) that controls the startup process, as well as other low-level software that interacts directly with the computer's hardware. CD-ROM, on the other hand, is a type of storage medium that can be used to store data or programs, but it is not built into the computer itself. CDs and DVDs can be used to store data, programs, or other types of media, but they are not considered a type of permanent memory built into the computer.

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Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software application. This means that it is a program used to create visual aids or slideshows that are intended to enhance a live presentation. It allows users to create and design professional-looking slides that can contain text, images, videos, charts, and graphs. These slides can be used to convey information, ideas, or messages in a clear and visually appealing way. PowerPoint is often used in business, education, and other settings where presentations are a common means of communication. It is not a graphing or gaming software, nor is it considered a productivity software in the same sense as a word processor or spreadsheet program.

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The process of dividing a disk into tracks and sectors is called "formatting". Formatting prepares a new disk for use by creating a file system that can store and organize data. Tracks are circular paths on the disk, and sectors are small sections within each track. By dividing the disk into tracks and sectors, formatting allows the operating system to efficiently read and write data to the disk. Think of it like drawing lines on a blank piece of paper to create a grid. The grid allows you to organize your content and write in an orderly manner. Similarly, formatting divides the disk into a grid-like structure that the computer can use to organize and store data.

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The domain name of a website is also its IP address. Every device that connects to the internet, including websites, is assigned a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address, which is a numerical label. However, remembering a long string of numbers is difficult, so domain names were created to serve as more memorable and recognizable names for websites. When you type a domain name into your web browser's address bar, your browser sends a request to a Domain Name System (DNS) server, which translates the domain name into its corresponding IP address. The IP address is then used to locate the website's server on the internet and retrieve the website's content, which is then displayed in your browser. So, while the domain name is what we typically use to identify a website, it ultimately maps to its underlying IP address, which is used to connect to the website's server and retrieve its content.

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The permanent memory that has data and instructions to start up the computer and does not erase data after power off is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). ROM is a type of computer memory that is pre-programmed with data and instructions during manufacturing. This means that once the data and instructions are written into ROM, they cannot be changed or erased, hence the name "read-only". When you turn on your computer, the CPU (central processing unit) looks to the ROM for the instructions on how to boot up the computer. These instructions include basic input/output system (BIOS) code that checks the hardware components to make sure they are working properly, and then loads the operating system from the hard drive or another storage device. The data and instructions stored in ROM are not affected by power outages or restarts, meaning that they are retained even when the computer is turned off. This is why ROM is called non-volatile memory. In summary, ROM is a type of permanent memory that contains data and instructions to start up a computer and does not lose this information when the computer is turned off.

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Internet Explorer is a web browser that is used to view web pages on the internet. It allows users to access different websites and view the content on those sites, such as text, images, videos, and other media. Internet Explorer is designed to make it easy for users to navigate the internet by providing tools such as search bars, bookmarks, and tabs. While it may be possible to play movies or music within Internet Explorer, its primary purpose is to browse the internet and display web pages.

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The example of an output device is a speaker. An output device is any device that receives information or data from a computer or electronic device and presents or displays it to the user in a perceivable format. In the case of a speaker, it receives sound data from a computer or electronic device and produces audible sound waves that can be heard by the user. Speakers are commonly used to play music, watch videos or movies, and listen to audio from video games. On the other hand, a keyboard and mouse are examples of input devices because they allow the user to input data or commands into a computer or electronic device. Similarly, a microphone is also an input device as it converts sound waves into electrical signals that can be processed by a computer or electronic device.

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The device that converts drawing, printed text or other images into digital form is called a scanner. A scanner works by using a light-sensitive sensor that captures the image of the document or picture being scanned. The image is then converted into a digital format, which can be saved to a computer or other digital storage device. Scanners are commonly used for a variety of purposes, such as scanning important documents, digitizing old family photos, and creating digital copies of artwork or other visual media. They are particularly useful for situations where a physical copy of a document or image is not practical or convenient, such as when sharing information over long distances or storing large amounts of data. Overall, a scanner is a valuable tool for anyone who needs to convert physical documents or images into digital form for easy access and storage.

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The correct answer is "Identity Theft." Identity theft occurs when someone pretends to be another person by stealing their personal information, such as their name, social security number, or credit card information, in order to commit fraud or other illegal activities. The thief may use this information to open bank accounts, make purchases, or apply for loans in the victim's name, causing financial harm and damaging the victim's credit score. It can happen both in the physical world (e.g. someone stealing your mail or wallet) and online (e.g. someone hacking into your social media or email account). It is important to take steps to protect your personal information and monitor your financial accounts to prevent identity theft.

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ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. It refers to the use of technology, including hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment, to manage, process, and exchange information and communicate with each other. ICT encompasses a wide range of technologies, including computers, the internet, telephones, and other forms of digital and wireless communication. The goal of ICT is to improve communication and access to information, making it easier and more efficient for people to connect and share information.

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The binary system has a radix of 2. The radix of a number system is the number of unique digits used in that system. For example, in the decimal system (base 10), the radix is 10, because we use 10 unique digits (0 to 9) to represent numbers. In the binary system (base 2), the radix is 2, because we only use 2 unique digits: 0 and 1. This means that every number can be represented as a combination of only 0s and 1s in the binary system.

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COBOL, which stands for COmmon Business Oriented Language, is a programming language that is specifically designed for commercial applications. It was developed in the 1950s for business data processing, and it remains a popular choice for applications related to finance, banking, insurance, and other industries that handle large amounts of data. COBOL is known for its straightforward syntax and ability to process large amounts of data efficiently, making it a good choice for commercial applications that need to manage and manipulate financial records, inventory, and other types of business data.

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Hexadecimal numbers are a mixture of decimal numbers and letters. The decimal number system uses 10 digits, 0 through 9, to represent all numbers. The hexadecimal number system uses 16 symbols, 0 through 9 and the letters A through F, to represent numbers. These letters are used to represent the values 10 through 15, respectively. This makes hexadecimal a convenient way to represent binary data in a compact form, since each hexadecimal digit represents 4 binary digits.

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The touchpad of a laptop serves the same function as a mouse. A touchpad is a flat surface on the laptop that you can slide your finger on to move the cursor on the screen. Just like a mouse, you can use the touchpad to select, click, and scroll. It provides an alternative to using a traditional mouse for navigation on the laptop.

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The process of finding errors and fixing them within a program is called debugging. When a program is being developed, it may contain errors, also known as bugs, that prevent it from functioning properly. Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing these errors. Debugging can involve a number of techniques, such as analyzing error messages, reviewing code, and stepping through the program line by line to find where errors occur. Once an error is identified, the programmer can make changes to the code to correct the issue. Compiling is the process of translating source code into machine code, which can then be executed. Execution is the process of running a program. Scanning, in the context of programming, typically refers to the process of analyzing code for security vulnerabilities rather than identifying and fixing errors. In summary, debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in a program, whereas compiling, executing, and scanning are different processes that serve different purposes in the development and operation of a program.

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SDLC, or Software Development Life Cycle, is the process of developing software from the initial planning phase to the final deployment phase. The different stages of SDLC are implemented in various ways, depending on the project requirements and the development team's preferences. Let's take a look at each option: 1. Randomly, without overlapping: Implementing the stages of SDLC randomly and without overlapping is not an ideal approach as it can lead to confusion and delays. This method involves starting and completing stages without considering their interdependencies or the requirements of the subsequent stages. It can also result in rework and revisions of previous stages, causing unnecessary delays and additional costs. 2. Sequentially, without overlapping: This is the most common way of implementing the stages of SDLC. In this approach, each stage is completed sequentially, with no overlapping or parallel work being done. This method ensures that each stage is completed before moving onto the next, ensuring that all the requirements and objectives of each stage are met. It also reduces the risk of errors and makes it easier to track progress. 3. Sequentially with overlapping: In this approach, the stages of SDLC are completed sequentially, but with some overlapping. This means that the team may start work on the next stage before completing the current stage. This approach can help reduce the overall project timeline by minimizing the wait time between stages. However, it requires careful planning and coordination to ensure that the overlapping does not create confusion or conflict. 4. Randomly with overlapping: Implementing the stages of SDLC randomly with overlapping is the least recommended approach. This method involves starting and completing stages randomly and with some overlapping. This approach can lead to confusion, delays, and increased costs, as well as making it difficult to track progress and ensure that all requirements are met. In summary, implementing the stages of SDLC sequentially, without overlapping is the most common and recommended approach. This ensures that each stage is completed before moving onto the next, while also minimizing the project timeline.

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The term "CU" can have different meanings depending on the context. Here are some possibilities: 1. Compound Unit: This term does not have a widely recognized meaning in the field of computing or technology in general. However, "compound" can refer to something that is made up of multiple parts, so in some cases, "CU" could be used to refer to a unit that is composed of several components. 2. Communication Unit: In some contexts, "CU" may refer to a Communication Unit. This could be a device or module that is responsible for handling communication between different components or systems, such as transmitting data between a computer and a peripheral device like a printer or scanner. 3. Computer Unit: "CU" could also refer to a Computer Unit, which may be a standalone computer or a component within a larger computer system. In this case, "CU" would generally refer to the main processing unit that is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. 4. Control Unit: In the context of computer architecture, "CU" most commonly stands for Control Unit. The Control Unit is a component within the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of a computer that is responsible for coordinating the flow of data between different parts of the CPU and executing instructions. The Control Unit is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the CPU, as it is responsible for coordinating and directing the operations of the computer. So, to answer the question of what the full form of "CU" is, we would need to know the specific context in which the term is being used.

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The major purpose of application software is to help people perform specific tasks. It provides user-friendly interface to interact with computer systems and accomplish tasks such as word processing, creating spreadsheets, managing databases, playing games, and much more. In short, it is designed to make the user's work easier and more efficient, allowing them to accomplish their work goals with the help of the computer.

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The brain of the computer is considered to be the "Central Processing Unit" (CPU). The CPU is the primary component of a computer that performs most of the processing and calculations required to run programs and applications. It is responsible for executing instructions and controlling the operations of the computer's other hardware components, such as the memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer because it performs many of the same functions that the human brain does, such as processing information, making decisions, and controlling the body (or in the case of the computer, the hardware components). It is located on the motherboard of the computer, and it consists of a small chip that contains millions of transistors and circuits that work together to perform calculations and operations at incredible speeds. While the monitor/display screen, mouse, and printer are all important components of a computer system, they do not serve the same function as the CPU. The monitor/display screen displays the output from the computer, the mouse is an input device used to control the cursor on the screen, and the printer is a device used to produce hardcopy output from the computer.

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The name of a user account can be changed from the Control Panel in most operating systems, including Windows and macOS. In Windows, you can access the Control Panel by clicking on the Start menu and selecting "Control Panel" from the list of options. Once in the Control Panel, you can navigate to the "User Accounts" section and select the user account whose name you want to change. From there, you can click on the "Change your account name" option and enter the new name for the account. Similarly, in macOS, you can access the System Preferences by clicking on the Apple menu and selecting "System Preferences" from the list of options. Once in the System Preferences, you can navigate to the "Users & Groups" section and select the user account whose name you want to change. From there, you can click on the "Full Name" field and enter the new name for the account. In summary, the name of a user account can be changed from the Control Panel or System Preferences of your operating system. The exact steps to do so may vary slightly depending on the operating system, but in general, you can navigate to the "User Accounts" or "Users & Groups" section and select the account whose name you want to change.

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Running other software on an idle computer without the knowledge of the organization is called theft of computer time. This means that the person is using the resources (e.g. processing power, memory, storage) of the computer without permission, which can slow down the performance of the computer and potentially interfere with the work of others. This unauthorized use of resources can be seen as equivalent to theft, since the person is taking something (in this case, computer time) without permission.

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The type of storage that retains data even when the power is turned off is called non-volatile storage. Non-volatile storage is different from volatile storage, which loses all data when the power is turned off. To help you understand the difference, imagine that you have two types of memory: a whiteboard and a notebook. The whiteboard is like volatile memory because anything you write on it will disappear as soon as you erase it or turn off the lights. On the other hand, the notebook is like non-volatile memory because anything you write in it will remain there until you deliberately erase or destroy it. Similarly, non-volatile storage, such as hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and flash drives, can retain data even when the power is turned off. This is because the data is stored using physical means that do not require an electrical charge to be maintained. In contrast, volatile storage, such as RAM, loses all data when the power is turned off because the data is stored using electrical charges that require a constant supply of power to be maintained. Overall, non-volatile storage is essential for long-term data storage because it can retain data even in the absence of power, whereas volatile storage is useful for short-term storage of data that does not need to be preserved beyond the current session or power cycle.

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The rules that govern the structure of a command or programming language is called Syntax. Syntax determines the proper order and format of the elements that make up a command or program, such as keywords, variables, and operators. These rules must be followed precisely to create a functioning program. Syntax errors occur when these rules are not followed, and the program will not execute properly. So, in summary, Syntax is a set of rules that define the correct structure and formatting of a command or programming language.

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WAN stands for Wide Area Network. A network is a collection of devices (like computers, printers, and servers) that are connected together to communicate and share resources. A WAN is a type of network that covers a large geographic area, such as a city, a country, or even the whole world. Unlike a Local Area Network (LAN), which is limited to a small area like a home or office building, a WAN connects devices over a larger distance using a variety of technologies such as telephone lines, fiber optic cables, and satellite links. WANs are used by organizations to connect their different offices and branches in different locations, and to provide access to the internet or cloud-based services. For example, a company with offices in New York and London might use a WAN to connect the two locations and allow employees to share data and resources.

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The correct answer is "data conversion." Data conversion refers to the process of changing the format of computer data from one type to another. This may involve converting data from one file format to another, such as converting a document from Microsoft Word format to PDF. It can also involve converting data from one data type to another, such as converting a string of text to a numerical value. Data conversion can be important for many reasons, such as ensuring compatibility between different software programs, preserving data in a usable format over time, and improving the efficiency of data processing. For example, converting data to a more efficient format can reduce the amount of storage space needed, which can be important when dealing with large amounts of data. In summary, data conversion is the process of changing the format or type of computer data to make it usable in different contexts or more efficient to process.

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The reason "protection" does not satisfy why people create a computer virus. This is because a computer virus is not created to protect a system or its data, but rather to cause harm to it by spreading and infecting other systems. Creating a virus goes against the goal of protecting a computer system, and instead puts it at risk.

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The set of rules that defines the combination of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured statements or expressions in a language is called Syntax. Think of syntax as the grammar of a language. Just like in English, there are certain rules that dictate what combinations of words and punctuation are considered to be a proper sentence, in programming languages there are rules that dictate what combinations of symbols and syntax are considered to be a proper statement or expression. The syntax of a language determines how code should be written in order for it to be properly understood by the computer and executed as intended.

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The logical structure of a database can be depicted through its data model. A data model is a conceptual representation of data and the relationships between data elements in a database. It defines the structure of the database, including tables, columns, and the relationships between them. The data model can be thought of as a blueprint or a map for the database, showing how data is organized and how it can be accessed. It is an abstract representation of the database, separate from the specific software or hardware used to implement it. By using a data model, designers and developers can ensure that the database is structured in a logical and consistent way, which can improve performance, scalability, and ease of use.