JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

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Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors, also known as "bugs", in a computer program. The goal of debugging is to ensure that the program runs smoothly and produces the expected results. This involves locating the source of the problem, understanding why it is happening, and then making changes to the code to correct the issue. Debugging can be a time-consuming and challenging task, but it is an important part of the software development process to ensure that the end-users have a positive experience when using the software.

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Microsoft Excel is primarily used to solve problems involving numbers. It is a spreadsheet program that allows you to organize, analyze and perform calculations on data. You can use Excel to create tables, charts and graphs to visually represent your data and make it easier to understand. It is commonly used for tasks such as budgeting, tracking expenses, and managing project timelines. The program also has many built-in functions that can help you perform complex calculations and analysis with ease. So, the main purpose of Microsoft Excel is to help you work with numbers and make sense of data.

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A half byte is known as a nibble. A byte is a unit of digital information in computing, typically consisting of 8 bits. A nibble, on the other hand, is half of a byte, consisting of 4 bits. This unit is often used in computer architecture and data representation, especially when referring to memory addresses or data manipulation.

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Document readers are devices or software programs that can analyze and interpret written or printed text on a document. These devices can read different types of data from documents such as marks, handwritten and printed characters, and printed lines. Marks can include things like checkmarks or ticks that people might use to indicate a selection on a form or questionnaire. Handwritten characters are any letters, numbers or symbols that are written by hand, whereas printed characters are those that are produced by a printer. Printed lines refer to the lines of text that are printed on a page. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as document readers can read all of these types of data from documents.

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The correct answer is "Directories." Directories are special files that organize the hierarchical structure of the file system by grouping related files together into named collections. They act like folders, allowing users to easily locate and access the files they need. Each directory can contain other directories (sub-directories) and files. For example, in a Windows system, the "C:\Users" directory contains a sub-directory for each user account on the computer, and each user account directory contains sub-directories for documents, pictures, music, etc. In short, directories allow us to maintain a structured and organized file system.

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Working online requires proper etiquette or "netiquette" to maintain a positive and professional atmosphere. Here are some general guidelines to follow: 1. Be respectful: Always communicate in a respectful manner. Avoid using harsh or offensive language, and be mindful of cultural differences. 2. Be mindful of your tone: It's important to communicate in a tone that's appropriate for the situation. If you're sending an email or message, make sure the tone is professional. 3. Be punctual: Time management is key. Be punctual when it comes to meetings and deadlines. 4. Be organized: Keep your digital files organized and ensure that you're using appropriate naming conventions. This will make it easier for others to find what they need. 5. Be secure: Protect your digital assets by using strong passwords and secure file sharing methods. 6. Respect privacy: Be mindful of other people's privacy, including their personal information and confidential data. 7. Be mindful of online piracy: Do not engage in any form of online piracy, including sharing copyrighted materials without permission. Remember, the online world is just as important as the physical one. Maintaining proper netiquette can help you build a positive and professional reputation, and make you more successful in your online endeavors.

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A bit is the smallest unit of digital information in computing, and it can have two possible values: 0 or 1. This is because a bit is used to represent a binary digit, which can be either on or off, true or false, or high or low. So, the answer is 2. To give an example, imagine a light switch that can either be turned on or off. We can use a bit to represent the state of the switch, where 0 represents the switch being off, and 1 represents the switch being on. In this case, a single bit is enough to represent the two possible states of the switch. Similarly, in computing, a single bit is enough to represent two possible states of any digital information.

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The combination of the arithmetic and logic units, as well as the control unit makes up the central processing unit (CPU). A CPU is the "brain" of a computer. It is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. The arithmetic and logic units (ALU) are the parts of the CPU that perform mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as logical operations, such as AND, OR, and NOT. The control unit is responsible for controlling the flow of data and instructions within the CPU and between the CPU and other parts of the computer, such as memory and input/output devices. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them to determine what operation to perform, and then directs the ALU to perform the operation. In summary, the combination of the ALU and control unit makes up the CPU, which is responsible for processing data and instructions and performing calculations in a computer.

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Running other software on an idle computer without the knowledge of the organization is called theft of computer time. This means that the person is using the resources (e.g. processing power, memory, storage) of the computer without permission, which can slow down the performance of the computer and potentially interfere with the work of others. This unauthorized use of resources can be seen as equivalent to theft, since the person is taking something (in this case, computer time) without permission.

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Destruction of files for malicious reasons, such as access by fraudulent people, is classified as "unauthorized access". This means that someone who is not authorized to access the files has gained access to them, and has intentionally damaged or deleted the files. This type of access is illegal and is a violation of the owner's rights to the information stored in the files.

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The Windows Explorer is divided into five categories, which are: 1. Quick Access: This category contains shortcuts to frequently accessed folders and files, such as the Desktop, Documents, and Downloads folders. 2. OneDrive: This category displays files and folders stored on OneDrive, Microsoft's cloud storage service. 3. This PC: This category displays all the drives and storage devices connected to the computer, including the hard drive, external drives, and USB flash drives. 4. Network: This category displays other devices on the local network, such as other computers or printers that are connected. 5. Recycle Bin: This category contains files and folders that have been deleted from the computer and are waiting to be permanently deleted or restored. These categories help users easily navigate and find files and folders on their computer, as well as access files and folders stored in the cloud or on other devices connected to the network.

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The operating system (OS) tells the computer how to use its components. An operating system is a software program that manages the computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system acts as an intermediary between the computer's hardware and the programs or applications that run on the computer. It is responsible for controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, ensuring security, and managing input/output operations. In short, the operating system acts as the foundation for the computer to function and allows different applications and programs to communicate with the hardware and work together.

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"Cold" booting is done by turning on the computer at first instance. Booting is the process of starting a computer, and it can be done in two ways: cold booting and warm booting. A cold boot occurs when a computer is turned on after being completely shut down. This is the first time the computer is starting up and all components are starting from a completely powered-off state. This type of booting is often necessary when there are problems with the operating system or software and a restart does not resolve the issue. A warm boot, on the other hand, occurs when a computer is restarted without first being shut down. This type of booting is usually faster than a cold boot because some components remain powered on and do not need to be restarted from a completely powered-off state. The options "hot," "spicy," and "cool" are not relevant to booting a computer.

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The output of a NAND gate is equal to 1 only when one input is 0. The NAND gate is called a "NOT-AND" gate because it outputs the opposite of what an AND gate would output for the same inputs. In other words, if an AND gate would output 1 for a certain set of inputs, a NAND gate would output 0, and vice versa.

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The actual physical network of wires, cables, and satellites that connects computers and resources throughout the world is the Internet. The Internet is a global network of connected devices that enables communication and exchange of information between computers. It enables devices to connect and share resources such as websites, email, files, and other digital content. The Internet uses a variety of communication protocols and technologies, including wired and wireless connections, to facilitate this communication and exchange of information. The Internet is a vital part of our daily lives, providing access to information and enabling us to communicate and collaborate with others from anywhere in the world.

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System software has the major function of controlling and managing the computer system. It is a type of software that acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the user applications. System software is responsible for coordinating the activities and sharing of resources of the computer hardware, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. It also provides basic services for other software, such as file management, security, and memory management. Examples of system software include operating systems, device drivers, and utility programs. The primary goal of system software is to provide an environment for the smooth and efficient operation of the computer and its components.

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The second generation of computers had expensive operation costs compared to other generations. The second generation of computers, which emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s, were characterized by the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes that were used in the first generation. While transistors were smaller, more reliable, and more energy-efficient than vacuum tubes, they were still relatively expensive to produce and required a significant amount of power to operate. In addition, the second generation of computers required air conditioning systems to keep them cool, which added to their overall operating costs. The high cost of production, maintenance, and operation made these computers expensive and limited their accessibility to only large organizations, such as government agencies, research institutions, and corporations, which had the resources to invest in them. In contrast, the third and fourth generations of computers, which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, respectively, were characterized by the use of integrated circuits and microprocessors, which greatly reduced the cost of production and operation, making computers more accessible and affordable to individuals and small businesses.

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The major function of a Database Management System (DBMS) is to efficiently store and manage large amounts of data in a structured manner, making it easy to retrieve, update, and manipulate the data as needed. A DBMS provides a centralized location for storing and organizing data, allowing multiple users to access and modify the data simultaneously while ensuring data integrity and security. In addition, a DBMS provides tools for defining and enforcing data relationships, constraints, and rules, ensuring data consistency and accuracy. It also provides a query language for retrieving data from the database and generating reports. Overall, the primary goal of a DBMS is to make it easy for users to interact with large amounts of data in a way that is efficient, secure, and reliable.

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The rules that govern the structure of a command or programming language is called Syntax. Syntax determines the proper order and format of the elements that make up a command or program, such as keywords, variables, and operators. These rules must be followed precisely to create a functioning program. Syntax errors occur when these rules are not followed, and the program will not execute properly. So, in summary, Syntax is a set of rules that define the correct structure and formatting of a command or programming language.

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The brain of the computer is considered to be the "Central Processing Unit" (CPU). The CPU is the primary component of a computer that performs most of the processing and calculations required to run programs and applications. It is responsible for executing instructions and controlling the operations of the computer's other hardware components, such as the memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer because it performs many of the same functions that the human brain does, such as processing information, making decisions, and controlling the body (or in the case of the computer, the hardware components). It is located on the motherboard of the computer, and it consists of a small chip that contains millions of transistors and circuits that work together to perform calculations and operations at incredible speeds. While the monitor/display screen, mouse, and printer are all important components of a computer system, they do not serve the same function as the CPU. The monitor/display screen displays the output from the computer, the mouse is an input device used to control the cursor on the screen, and the printer is a device used to produce hardcopy output from the computer.

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ios is not a programming language. HTML, Java, and C++ are all programming languages, while ios is an operating system created by Apple Inc. for its mobile devices, such as the iPhone and iPad. Programming languages are used to write computer programs, while operating systems provide a platform for those programs to run on.

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Java is a high-level programming language. This means that it is designed to be easy to read and write for humans, and provides a higher level of abstraction from the hardware than lower-level languages. High-level languages like Java typically have built-in libraries and features that allow developers to write code more efficiently and focus on solving problems rather than worrying about low-level details like memory management or machine architecture. Additionally, high-level languages are typically platform-independent, which means that Java code can be compiled and run on different operating systems without needing to be rewritten.

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CRACKING is a type of computer crime. It refers to the unauthorized access and manipulation of computer systems or networks. Cracking is usually done by malicious individuals with the intention of stealing information, causing damage or disrupting services. It is different from hacking, which is the process of finding vulnerabilities in computer systems in order to improve their security. Crackers use a variety of techniques, including exploiting security weaknesses, stealing passwords, and installing malware. Cracking is a serious offense that can result in legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment. To protect against cracking, it is important to use strong passwords, keep software up-to-date, and use antivirus software.

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Microsoft Word serves the purpose of creating documents, which can be anything from simple letters or memos to complex reports, resumes, or even books. It provides a user-friendly platform for users to write, edit, format, and style text, as well as insert images, tables, and other elements to enhance the document's appearance and functionality. Microsoft Word is a popular word processing software used in a wide range of industries, including education, business, and personal use. It allows users to save their documents on their computer or in the cloud, making it easy to access, edit, and share their work from anywhere. Overall, Microsoft Word is a powerful tool for anyone who needs to create or manage written content.

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End users are able to operate at the "presentation" tier. The presentation tier is the user interface layer of a software application or system. It's the part of the system that the end user interacts with directly, and it includes all the components that allow the user to view and manipulate data. This can include things like graphical user interfaces, web pages, and other visual elements that the user can see and interact with. Because the presentation tier is designed specifically for end users, it's the layer that they are most comfortable operating in. This is where they can view data, input information, and interact with the system to achieve their desired tasks. While there may be other tiers (such as the model, application, and data tiers) that are responsible for processing and managing data behind the scenes, it's the presentation tier where the end user has the most control and where their actions have the most direct impact on the system.

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Computer applications are an example of software. Software refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are specific types of software that are designed to perform particular tasks or solve particular problems. Examples of computer applications include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games. Computer applications are different from computer hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. Computer utilities and program packages are different types of software that can be used to manage and maintain a computer system, but they are not the same as computer applications, which are designed for specific tasks and are often used by end-users. In summary, computer applications are a type of software, which refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are designed to perform specific tasks or solve specific problems, and examples include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games.

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The computer type that is not based on the operation is "Remote." This is because "remote" does not refer to how a computer operates, but rather where it is located or how it is accessed. A remote computer is one that is accessed through a network connection, such as the internet, rather than being physically present with the user. On the other hand, "analog" and "digital" are types of computers based on their method of operation. Analog computers operate by processing continuous physical variables such as voltage, while digital computers operate by processing discrete data in the form of binary digits (bits). Finally, "hybrid" computers are a combination of both analog and digital computers, where they use both continuous and discrete data to perform calculations.

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The command used to remove a stored function from the database in SQL is the "DROP FUNCTION" command.

This command is used to permanently remove a stored function from the database. For example, if you have a stored function named "my_function", you can remove it with the following SQL statement:

DROP FUNCTION my_function;

It is important to note that once you drop a stored function, all references to it in your database will be lost and it cannot be recovered. So, it should be used with caution.

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Binary coded decimals (BCD) numbers express each digit as a nibble. A nibble is a group of 4 bits, which can represent 16 distinct values (0-15). In BCD, each decimal digit is encoded using a separate nibble, where each nibble represents the binary equivalent of the digit. For example, the decimal number 123 would be represented in BCD as four nibbles: 0001 (1), 0010 (2), 0011 (3), and 0011 (3). Using a nibble to represent each digit is a simple and efficient way to encode decimal numbers in binary form. BCD is commonly used in computer systems where decimal arithmetic is required, such as in financial calculations or in control systems where numerical values need to be displayed on digital screens. In summary, BCD numbers express each decimal digit as a nibble, allowing for efficient and accurate representation of decimal numbers in binary form.

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In general, a file is basically a collection of all related "records". A record is a collection of related data items that are grouped together and treated as a single unit. For example, in a student record file, each record may contain data related to a single student, such as their name, ID number, and grades. Each record may consist of several "fields", which are individual pieces of data that are related to the record. For example, in a student record, a field might be the student's name, another field might be their date of birth, and another field might be their address. So, in summary, a file is a collection of related records, and each record contains multiple fields that are related to the record.

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When a computer application is running, it is stored in the computer's memory, which allows it to continue functioning as long as it is needed. In the case of logging off, shutting down, or rebooting the computer, all applications currently running on the system are closed or terminated. Therefore, the running application would not remain active in any of these situations. However, in the case of a user switching, the running application can remain active. This is because when a user switches on a computer that is running, the operating system creates a new user session while keeping the current user's session active. In this scenario, the running application would continue to function within the current user's session, while the new user session would be independent and have its own set of applications and processes. Therefore, the running application would remain active when the user is switched.

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A linker program is a software tool that links different parts of a computer program together. Think of a computer program as a puzzle with many pieces. The linker takes all those pieces and puts them together to make the complete program. The linker performs tasks such as combining object files, resolving symbol references, and creating the final executable file. The linker program takes care of the following tasks: 1. Linking the program with other programs needed for its execution. For example, if a program uses a library like the C standard library, the linker will link the program with that library so that the program can use its functions. 2. Relocating the program to execute from a specific memory area allocated to it. This means that the linker will place the program in a specific area of the computer's memory so that it can be executed. 3. Interfacing the program with the entities generating its input data. This means that the linker will make sure that the program can receive data from other parts of the system, such as user input or data from a file. In summary, the linker program is responsible for putting all the pieces of a computer program together so that it can be executed correctly.

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The delete permission allows someone to remove or delete files and directories. This means that if a user has the delete permission, they can get rid of files and folders that they have access to, and these files and folders will no longer be available on the system. This permission is typically used to allow users to clean up or manage their own files and directories, but it can also be used by system administrators to control access and prevent unwanted modifications or deletions.

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The correct answer is "F." In the hexadecimal number system, there are 16 possible digits that can be used to represent a value. Since we only have 10 Arabic numerals (0-9) to work with, we need to use letters to represent the remaining six digits. In hexadecimal notation, after 9 comes A, followed by B, C, D, E, and finally F. So the complete set of hexadecimal digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Therefore, the correct answer is F.

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The correct answer is "bugs and viruses." Bugs are errors or defects in computer software that can cause the system to behave unexpectedly or not function properly. They can affect the efficiency and effectiveness of a computer system by slowing it down, causing crashes, or producing incorrect results. Viruses, on the other hand, are malicious software programs that can infect a computer system and cause harm. They can also affect the effectiveness of a computer system by causing it to slow down or crash, stealing personal information, or spreading to other systems. Anti-virus programs are software tools designed to detect and remove viruses from a computer system. While they can help mitigate the negative effects of viruses, they are not a complete solution and cannot prevent all types of viruses from infecting a system.

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The option that does not belong to the group is "External memory". Primary memory, main memory, and internal memory are all types of memory that are directly accessible by the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of a computer. These types of memory are volatile, which means that they lose their data when the power is turned off. Primary memory is the smallest and fastest type of memory in a computer, and it includes the cache and registers. Main memory, also known as RAM (Random Access Memory), is the largest type of primary memory in a computer and holds the data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. Internal memory refers to the storage capacity that is built into a device, such as a hard drive or a solid-state drive (SSD). This type of memory is non-volatile, which means that it retains its data even when the power is turned off. External memory, on the other hand, refers to any type of storage that is external to the device, such as a USB flash drive, an external hard drive, or a cloud-based storage service. While external memory can be used to store data, it is not considered to be a type of primary or internal memory because it is not directly accessible by the CPU. Instead, data must be transferred between external memory and primary or internal memory before it can be accessed by the CPU.

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An Operating System (OS) is a type of system software. It is a program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer, and provides a platform for other software applications to run on. The OS controls the input/output operations, manages memory and storage resources, and schedules tasks to be executed by the computer's processor. Examples of common operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.

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Information is the combination of already processed data. Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures. For example, a list of numbers or a set of survey answers are data. Information is created when data is processed, organized, and given meaning. For example, taking the average of the numbers in the list would turn the data into meaningful information.