JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2022

Bayanin Amsa

The first commuters were programmed using machine language. Machine language is the lowest-level programming language that can be used to write computer programs. It consists of binary code, which is a sequence of 1's and 0's that the computer can understand and execute directly. The first computers, such as the ENIAC, did not have high-level programming languages like we have today, such as Python or Java. Instead, they had to be programmed using machine language. This meant that the programmers had to manually enter long sequences of binary code to perform even the simplest tasks on the computer. As computers advanced, higher-level programming languages were developed to make programming easier and more accessible to non-experts. These higher-level languages are often compiled into machine language, which the computer can then execute. But in the early days of computing, programmers had no choice but to write code directly in machine language.

Bayanin Amsa

The base 10 system, also known as the decimal system, is unique because it is the most widely used number system in the world and has been adopted by nearly all cultures and civilizations. The reason for this widespread usage is that it is based on the number of human fingers, with 10 being the number of digits on two hands. This made it a convenient and intuitive system for early humans to count and perform mathematical operations with. Additionally, the base 10 system allows for easy representation of numbers using only 10 symbols (0 to 9), making it simple to write, communicate, and perform mathematical operations with larger numbers.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

A logic circuit performs "processing and controlling" functions. A logic circuit is an electronic circuit that performs a specific logical operation, which is based on the principles of Boolean algebra. It takes one or more digital inputs and produces a digital output based on a set of rules, known as a truth table. The primary function of a logic circuit is to process and control the input signals to produce a desired output signal. In other words, it performs logical operations on the input signals to generate the desired output signal. This makes it a processing and controlling device. For example, a logic circuit can be used to perform a simple logic function, such as a logical AND operation, which takes two input signals and produces an output signal that is true only when both input signals are true. This output signal can then be used to control the behavior of another device or system. In summary, logic circuits are used in a wide variety of electronic devices, such as computers, calculators, and mobile phones, to process and control digital signals, which makes them an essential component of digital technology.

Bayanin Amsa

The touchpad of a laptop serves the same function as a mouse. A touchpad is a flat surface on the laptop that you can slide your finger on to move the cursor on the screen. Just like a mouse, you can use the touchpad to select, click, and scroll. It provides an alternative to using a traditional mouse for navigation on the laptop.

Bayanin Amsa

A firewall is a type of cybersecurity tool that helps protect a computer or network from unauthorized access or malicious activity from the internet. Think of a firewall as a security guard that stands at the entrance to your network, examining all incoming and outgoing traffic. It examines each packet of data to see if it meets certain criteria, such as the source and destination of the data, and the type of data being transmitted. If the packet meets the criteria, it's allowed to pass through the firewall and reach its destination. If it doesn't meet the criteria, the firewall blocks the packet, preventing it from entering your network. A firewall can help prevent attacks like hacking, malware infections, and other cyber threats that could compromise your data or network. Firewalls can also be configured to filter out certain types of traffic or limit access to certain resources, providing an additional layer of protection for your network. In summary, a firewall is a vital cybersecurity tool that acts as a barrier between your network and the internet, helping to keep your data and devices safe from cyber threats.

Bayanin Amsa

Computer applications are an example of software. Software refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are specific types of software that are designed to perform particular tasks or solve particular problems. Examples of computer applications include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games. Computer applications are different from computer hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. Computer utilities and program packages are different types of software that can be used to manage and maintain a computer system, but they are not the same as computer applications, which are designed for specific tasks and are often used by end-users. In summary, computer applications are a type of software, which refers to the programs, data, and instructions that tell a computer what to do and how to do it. Computer applications are designed to perform specific tasks or solve specific problems, and examples include web browsers, word processors, email clients, and games.

Bayanin Amsa

The correct answer is "Directories." Directories are special files that organize the hierarchical structure of the file system by grouping related files together into named collections. They act like folders, allowing users to easily locate and access the files they need. Each directory can contain other directories (sub-directories) and files. For example, in a Windows system, the "C:\Users" directory contains a sub-directory for each user account on the computer, and each user account directory contains sub-directories for documents, pictures, music, etc. In short, directories allow us to maintain a structured and organized file system.

Bayanin Amsa

The major function of a Database Management System (DBMS) is to efficiently store and manage large amounts of data in a structured manner, making it easy to retrieve, update, and manipulate the data as needed. A DBMS provides a centralized location for storing and organizing data, allowing multiple users to access and modify the data simultaneously while ensuring data integrity and security. In addition, a DBMS provides tools for defining and enforcing data relationships, constraints, and rules, ensuring data consistency and accuracy. It also provides a query language for retrieving data from the database and generating reports. Overall, the primary goal of a DBMS is to make it easy for users to interact with large amounts of data in a way that is efficient, secure, and reliable.

Bayanin Amsa

The system software that always resides in the main memory is the Operating System (OS). In many operating systems, the loader resides permanently in memory. The OS manages the resources of the computer and acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. It is responsible for tasks such as memory management, process management, file management, and input/output operations. Text editors, assemblers, linkers, and loaders are all types of system software, but they do not always reside in the main memory. They are typically loaded into memory when needed, and can be swapped out of memory when other processes need more memory. This is because main memory is a limited resource and the OS dynamically allocates it to different processes as needed.

Bayanin Amsa

The correct answer is "bugs and viruses." Bugs are errors or defects in computer software that can cause the system to behave unexpectedly or not function properly. They can affect the efficiency and effectiveness of a computer system by slowing it down, causing crashes, or producing incorrect results. Viruses, on the other hand, are malicious software programs that can infect a computer system and cause harm. They can also affect the effectiveness of a computer system by causing it to slow down or crash, stealing personal information, or spreading to other systems. Anti-virus programs are software tools designed to detect and remove viruses from a computer system. While they can help mitigate the negative effects of viruses, they are not a complete solution and cannot prevent all types of viruses from infecting a system.

Bayanin Amsa

The permanent memory that has data and instructions to start up the computer and does not erase data after power off is called ROM (Read-Only Memory). ROM is a type of computer memory that is pre-programmed with data and instructions during manufacturing. This means that once the data and instructions are written into ROM, they cannot be changed or erased, hence the name "read-only". When you turn on your computer, the CPU (central processing unit) looks to the ROM for the instructions on how to boot up the computer. These instructions include basic input/output system (BIOS) code that checks the hardware components to make sure they are working properly, and then loads the operating system from the hard drive or another storage device. The data and instructions stored in ROM are not affected by power outages or restarts, meaning that they are retained even when the computer is turned off. This is why ROM is called non-volatile memory. In summary, ROM is a type of permanent memory that contains data and instructions to start up a computer and does not lose this information when the computer is turned off.

Bayanin Amsa

The correct answer is "Identity Theft." Identity theft occurs when someone pretends to be another person by stealing their personal information, such as their name, social security number, or credit card information, in order to commit fraud or other illegal activities. The thief may use this information to open bank accounts, make purchases, or apply for loans in the victim's name, causing financial harm and damaging the victim's credit score. It can happen both in the physical world (e.g. someone stealing your mail or wallet) and online (e.g. someone hacking into your social media or email account). It is important to take steps to protect your personal information and monitor your financial accounts to prevent identity theft.

Bayanin Amsa

The combination of the arithmetic and logic units, as well as the control unit makes up the central processing unit (CPU). A CPU is the "brain" of a computer. It is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. The arithmetic and logic units (ALU) are the parts of the CPU that perform mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as logical operations, such as AND, OR, and NOT. The control unit is responsible for controlling the flow of data and instructions within the CPU and between the CPU and other parts of the computer, such as memory and input/output devices. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them to determine what operation to perform, and then directs the ALU to perform the operation. In summary, the combination of the ALU and control unit makes up the CPU, which is responsible for processing data and instructions and performing calculations in a computer.

Bayanin Amsa

The term "CU" can have different meanings depending on the context. Here are some possibilities: 1. Compound Unit: This term does not have a widely recognized meaning in the field of computing or technology in general. However, "compound" can refer to something that is made up of multiple parts, so in some cases, "CU" could be used to refer to a unit that is composed of several components. 2. Communication Unit: In some contexts, "CU" may refer to a Communication Unit. This could be a device or module that is responsible for handling communication between different components or systems, such as transmitting data between a computer and a peripheral device like a printer or scanner. 3. Computer Unit: "CU" could also refer to a Computer Unit, which may be a standalone computer or a component within a larger computer system. In this case, "CU" would generally refer to the main processing unit that is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. 4. Control Unit: In the context of computer architecture, "CU" most commonly stands for Control Unit. The Control Unit is a component within the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of a computer that is responsible for coordinating the flow of data between different parts of the CPU and executing instructions. The Control Unit is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the CPU, as it is responsible for coordinating and directing the operations of the computer. So, to answer the question of what the full form of "CU" is, we would need to know the specific context in which the term is being used.

Bayanin Amsa

A DBMS (Database Management System) provides comprehensive solutions to reduce data redundancy, inconsistency, dependence, and unauthorized access of data. Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data in a database, which can lead to inconsistencies and take up unnecessary storage space. A DBMS helps to eliminate data redundancy by ensuring that each piece of data is stored only once and is consistently maintained. Data inconsistency refers to the occurrence of conflicting data in a database, which can lead to problems when trying to make decisions based on the data. A DBMS helps to maintain data consistency by enforcing constraints and rules that ensure that data is entered consistently and accurately. Data dependence refers to the relationship between different pieces of data in a database. A DBMS helps to reduce data dependence by allowing data to be stored in separate tables and establishing relationships between those tables. This reduces the risk of changes in one table affecting the data in another table. Finally, a DBMS provides security features to prevent unauthorized access to the data stored in the database. This includes controlling access to the database through user authentication and authorization, as well as ensuring that sensitive data is encrypted to protect it from being accessed by unauthorized individuals. In short, a DBMS provides a centralized and organized way to store, manage, and secure data to ensure its accuracy, consistency, and security.

Bayanin Amsa

The computer type that is not based on the operation is "Remote." This is because "remote" does not refer to how a computer operates, but rather where it is located or how it is accessed. A remote computer is one that is accessed through a network connection, such as the internet, rather than being physically present with the user. On the other hand, "analog" and "digital" are types of computers based on their method of operation. Analog computers operate by processing continuous physical variables such as voltage, while digital computers operate by processing discrete data in the form of binary digits (bits). Finally, "hybrid" computers are a combination of both analog and digital computers, where they use both continuous and discrete data to perform calculations.

Bayanin Amsa

The process of finding errors and fixing them within a program is called debugging. When a program is being developed, it may contain errors, also known as bugs, that prevent it from functioning properly. Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing these errors. Debugging can involve a number of techniques, such as analyzing error messages, reviewing code, and stepping through the program line by line to find where errors occur. Once an error is identified, the programmer can make changes to the code to correct the issue. Compiling is the process of translating source code into machine code, which can then be executed. Execution is the process of running a program. Scanning, in the context of programming, typically refers to the process of analyzing code for security vulnerabilities rather than identifying and fixing errors. In summary, debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in a program, whereas compiling, executing, and scanning are different processes that serve different purposes in the development and operation of a program.

Bayanin Amsa

Encryption helps with safe delivery of messages to their destination without being accessed by a third party. Encryption is a process of converting plain text into coded or scrambled text so that only authorized parties who have the key can access and understand the original message. This means that even if an unauthorized person intercepts the message during transit, they cannot read or understand it because it is encrypted. Encryption is commonly used to protect sensitive data such as passwords, credit card numbers, and personal information when it is transmitted over the internet. It also helps to protect confidential business or government communications from hackers, cybercriminals, and other unauthorized third parties. Therefore, encryption helps to ensure that messages are delivered safely and securely to their intended recipients without being accessed or intercepted by unauthorized parties.

Bayanin Amsa

The Internet is an example of a wide area network (WAN). A WAN is a type of computer network that covers a large geographical area, such as a city, a country, or even the entire world. The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers, servers, and other devices that communicate with each other using standardized communication protocols. It allows users to access and exchange information and resources, such as email, websites, and online services, from anywhere in the world. WANs are typically composed of multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs), connected together using high-speed communication links, such as satellite, cable, or telephone lines. The Internet is an example of a WAN because it spans multiple countries and continents, connecting millions of devices and users in a single network.

Bayanin Amsa

In general, a file is basically a collection of all related "records". A record is a collection of related data items that are grouped together and treated as a single unit. For example, in a student record file, each record may contain data related to a single student, such as their name, ID number, and grades. Each record may consist of several "fields", which are individual pieces of data that are related to the record. For example, in a student record, a field might be the student's name, another field might be their date of birth, and another field might be their address. So, in summary, a file is a collection of related records, and each record contains multiple fields that are related to the record.

Bayanin Amsa

A display listing of program options which users can select is called a menu. A menu is a list of options or choices that are presented to the user within a software program or an operating system. The user can then select one of the options from the menu to perform a specific task or access a specific feature. The menu is typically displayed as a list of text items or sometimes as a list of icons.

Bayanin Amsa

Working online requires proper etiquette or "netiquette" to maintain a positive and professional atmosphere. Here are some general guidelines to follow: 1. Be respectful: Always communicate in a respectful manner. Avoid using harsh or offensive language, and be mindful of cultural differences. 2. Be mindful of your tone: It's important to communicate in a tone that's appropriate for the situation. If you're sending an email or message, make sure the tone is professional. 3. Be punctual: Time management is key. Be punctual when it comes to meetings and deadlines. 4. Be organized: Keep your digital files organized and ensure that you're using appropriate naming conventions. This will make it easier for others to find what they need. 5. Be secure: Protect your digital assets by using strong passwords and secure file sharing methods. 6. Respect privacy: Be mindful of other people's privacy, including their personal information and confidential data. 7. Be mindful of online piracy: Do not engage in any form of online piracy, including sharing copyrighted materials without permission. Remember, the online world is just as important as the physical one. Maintaining proper netiquette can help you build a positive and professional reputation, and make you more successful in your online endeavors.

Bayanin Amsa

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software application. This means that it is a program used to create visual aids or slideshows that are intended to enhance a live presentation. It allows users to create and design professional-looking slides that can contain text, images, videos, charts, and graphs. These slides can be used to convey information, ideas, or messages in a clear and visually appealing way. PowerPoint is often used in business, education, and other settings where presentations are a common means of communication. It is not a graphing or gaming software, nor is it considered a productivity software in the same sense as a word processor or spreadsheet program.

Bayanin Amsa

A computer cannot boot if it does not have an operating system (OS). An operating system is the most basic software that runs on a computer and is responsible for managing and coordinating all the activities of the computer hardware and software. It is the first program that runs when the computer starts up, and it is responsible for initializing the hardware and loading other software, such as device drivers and applications. Without an operating system, the computer would not be able to perform any useful tasks, as it would not have the necessary software to control and manage its hardware components. Examples of popular operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Bayanin Amsa

The job of the operating system that is not listed among the options is "Handling HTTP requests for Web pages." The operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer, providing an interface between the user and the computer hardware. It performs various functions to ensure that the computer system operates smoothly and efficiently. One of the key jobs of the operating system is to manage the computer's resources, such as allocating memory to programs that are running on the computer. The operating system is responsible for managing the computer's memory, ensuring that each program has enough memory to run efficiently, and preventing one program from using another program's memory. Another important job of the operating system is to provide security by preventing unauthorised access to files and data on the computer. It controls access to the computer's resources and ensures that only authorised users have access to the files and data that belong to them. However, handling HTTP requests for web pages is not a job of the operating system. Instead, this task is handled by web servers that run on top of the operating system. Web servers receive requests from clients, such as web browsers, and serve web pages to them over the internet. In summary, while the operating system performs many important tasks, such as managing resources and providing security, handling HTTP requests for web pages is not one of its jobs.

Bayanin Amsa

The correct answer is "data conversion." Data conversion refers to the process of changing the format of computer data from one type to another. This may involve converting data from one file format to another, such as converting a document from Microsoft Word format to PDF. It can also involve converting data from one data type to another, such as converting a string of text to a numerical value. Data conversion can be important for many reasons, such as ensuring compatibility between different software programs, preserving data in a usable format over time, and improving the efficiency of data processing. For example, converting data to a more efficient format can reduce the amount of storage space needed, which can be important when dealing with large amounts of data. In summary, data conversion is the process of changing the format or type of computer data to make it usable in different contexts or more efficient to process.

Bayanin Amsa

The function of an assembler is to convert assembly language to machine language. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used to program computers and microprocessors. It consists of a series of instructions and operations that are written in human-readable text, and the assembler converts these instructions into machine code that the computer can understand and execute. The machine code is a series of binary digits (0s and 1s) that represent the instructions and operations in a form that the computer can process. In this way, the assembler acts as a bridge between the human-readable assembly language and the machine-readable machine code, allowing programmers to write code in a form that is easier for them to understand and debug, while still allowing the computer to execute the code efficiently.

Bayanin Amsa

An example of software is Operating Systems. Software is a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do. It is a type of computer program that is designed to perform specific tasks on a computer or other electronic device. Operating systems are a type of software that controls the basic functions of a computer, such as managing its memory and processing power, and providing a platform for other software to run on. A Joystick, Keyboard, and Mouse are examples of hardware, which are physical devices that are used to input information into a computer or other electronic device.

Bayanin Amsa

The most basic network is a Personal Area Network or PAN. A PAN is a network that connects devices located within a relatively small area, typically within a person's personal space. This can include devices like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other wearable devices. A PAN can be created using different types of technologies like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, which allow devices to communicate with each other and share resources such as files, internet connection, and printers, among others. For example, if you have a smartphone and a wireless headset, you can create a PAN by connecting your phone to the headset via Bluetooth. This allows you to make and receive phone calls hands-free. In summary, a PAN is the most basic network as it connects devices within a small personal area and is easy to set up and use. It is the foundation upon which larger and more complex networks like LAN, WAN, and MAN are built.

Bayanin Amsa

Among the options given, critical thinking is not a model used in problem solving. Critical thinking is a mental process that involves analyzing and evaluating information, reasoning, and making decisions. It is a skill that is used to approach problems in a thoughtful and logical way. However, it is not a formal problem-solving model that provides a structured approach to solving a problem. On the other hand, SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle), waterfall, and prototype are models used in problem solving. SDLC is a structured approach used to develop and maintain software. It involves a series of phases that includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. This model provides a framework to guide the development of software systems. Waterfall is a linear sequential approach to software development where each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin. It is a model used to manage the development of software systems, and it emphasizes the importance of planning and documentation. Prototype is a model used in problem solving where a working model of a product or solution is developed to test and refine its features and functionalities. It is used to gather feedback and identify areas for improvement before the final product is developed. In summary, critical thinking is a mental process that is used in problem solving, but it is not a formal problem-solving model. SDLC, waterfall, and prototype are examples of problem-solving models that provide structured approaches to solving problems in various fields.

Bayanin Amsa

The type of computer network that is not among the options is DAN (Distributed Area Network). The other three options are all types of computer networks: VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a type of network that allows remote users to securely access a private network over the internet. CAN (Controller Area Network) is a type of network used in industrial and automotive applications to connect electronic devices such as sensors and controllers. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a type of network that uses wireless technology to connect devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home, office, or campus. Therefore, DAN is not a commonly used type of computer network.

Bayanin Amsa

The 2-input gate that can be used to pass a digital waveform unchanged at certain times and inverted at other times is the XOR (exclusive OR) gate. An XOR gate has two input signals and one output signal. The output is HIGH (1) if the two input signals are different, and LOW (0) if the two input signals are the same. In other words, an XOR gate produces an output signal that is the "exclusive or" of its two input signals. When one of the input signals is held at a constant logic level (either HIGH or LOW), the XOR gate can be used to pass the other input signal unchanged or inverted, depending on the value of the constant signal. If the constant signal is HIGH, the output signal will be inverted; if the constant signal is LOW, the output signal will be unchanged. This property of the XOR gate makes it useful in digital electronics for a variety of applications, such as data encryption, error detection and correction, and clock synchronization.

Bayanin Amsa

A half byte is known as a nibble. A byte is a unit of digital information in computing, typically consisting of 8 bits. A nibble, on the other hand, is half of a byte, consisting of 4 bits. This unit is often used in computer architecture and data representation, especially when referring to memory addresses or data manipulation.

Bayanin Amsa

The option that is not used to navigate in a computer is the scanner. A scanner is a device used to convert physical documents and images into digital format so that they can be stored and processed on a computer. It is not used to navigate a computer, but rather to input physical content into it. On the other hand, the cursor, keyboard, and mouse are all used for navigating a computer. The cursor, typically controlled by a mouse, touchpad or trackpad, allows you to select items and move around the screen. The keyboard is used to input text and commands, and the mouse is used to click and drag items on the screen. So in summary, the scanner is not used for navigating a computer, whereas the cursor, keyboard, and mouse are commonly used for this purpose.

Bayanin Amsa

The illegal access to a network or computer system is called hacking. Hacking refers to unauthorized access to a computer system or network with the intention of compromising its security and potentially causing harm. This can include stealing sensitive information, installing malicious software, or disrupting the normal functioning of the system. Hacking is illegal and can result in serious consequences for the hacker, such as fines and imprisonment. It is important for individuals and organizations to take steps to secure their networks and systems to prevent unauthorized access.

Bayanin Amsa

There are essentially two types of booting: 1. Cold booting: This is the process of starting a computer from a powered-off state. This is typically done by pressing the power button on the computer. A cold boot starts the computer's hardware and boot loader, which then loads the operating system into memory. 2. Warm booting: This is the process of restarting a computer that is already powered on. This is typically done by pressing the reset button or by using the operating system's restart feature. A warm boot reloads the operating system from memory, bypassing the boot loader and hardware initialization. It's important to note that these are the two most basic and widely used types of booting, but there could be other variations or advanced booting procedures used in certain scenarios.

Bayanin Amsa

The type of storage that retains data even when the power is turned off is called non-volatile storage. Non-volatile storage is different from volatile storage, which loses all data when the power is turned off. To help you understand the difference, imagine that you have two types of memory: a whiteboard and a notebook. The whiteboard is like volatile memory because anything you write on it will disappear as soon as you erase it or turn off the lights. On the other hand, the notebook is like non-volatile memory because anything you write in it will remain there until you deliberately erase or destroy it. Similarly, non-volatile storage, such as hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and flash drives, can retain data even when the power is turned off. This is because the data is stored using physical means that do not require an electrical charge to be maintained. In contrast, volatile storage, such as RAM, loses all data when the power is turned off because the data is stored using electrical charges that require a constant supply of power to be maintained. Overall, non-volatile storage is essential for long-term data storage because it can retain data even in the absence of power, whereas volatile storage is useful for short-term storage of data that does not need to be preserved beyond the current session or power cycle.

Bayanin Amsa

Microsoft Word serves the purpose of creating documents, which can be anything from simple letters or memos to complex reports, resumes, or even books. It provides a user-friendly platform for users to write, edit, format, and style text, as well as insert images, tables, and other elements to enhance the document's appearance and functionality. Microsoft Word is a popular word processing software used in a wide range of industries, including education, business, and personal use. It allows users to save their documents on their computer or in the cloud, making it easy to access, edit, and share their work from anywhere. Overall, Microsoft Word is a powerful tool for anyone who needs to create or manage written content.

Bayanin Amsa

The reason "protection" does not satisfy why people create a computer virus. This is because a computer virus is not created to protect a system or its data, but rather to cause harm to it by spreading and infecting other systems. Creating a virus goes against the goal of protecting a computer system, and instead puts it at risk.